Laparoscopic repair of a ruptured bladder in an adult mare

A bladder rupture suffered by an adult mare during parturition was repaired, using a laparoscopic approach with the mare in dorsal recumbency. During the laparoscopic approach, the bladder was empty, inverted and had a rent on the dorsal apical surface. The bladder was located far caudally within the pelvis. By grasping the left lateral ligament and exerting gentle traction, it proved possible to manoeuvre the bladder more cranially where the rupture could be sutured. The benefits of the laparoscopic approach are reduction in incision size, visualisation of the tear, reachability of the empty bladder and the tear, and reduced reconvalescence time.     

Ultrasound-guided periarticular injections of the sacroiliac region in horses: a cadaveric study

REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The traditional techniques for injection of the sacroiliac (SI) region are based on external landmarks. Because of the depth of the SI joint and pathological modifications, SI injections are sometimes challenging in horses. HYPOTHESIS: An ultrasound-guided techniques would allow placement of the needle without depending on external landmarks. METHODS: Fourteen pelvic specimens were isolated from mature horses. A 20 cm bent spinal needle was positioned with ultrasonographic guidance under both iliac wings aiming for SI joints using 5 approaches: cranial, craniomedial, medial and 2 caudal approaches. The length of needle inserted was recorded and 2 ml of latex injected. The distance from latex to the closest sacral articular margin, the contact between latex and the SI interosseous ligament or the contact with the neurovascular structures emerging from the greater sciatic foramen were recorded at the time of dissection. RESULTS: Latex was identified under the iliac wing in all injections but one. The distance from the latex to the closest sacral articular margin was significantly shorter (P = 0.02) for the 2 caudal approaches compared to the cranial, craniomedial and medial approaches. Contact between latex and the SI interosseous ligament was significantly more frequent (P = 0.01) with the cranial, craniomedial and medial approaches (38/73) compared to the caudal approaches (1/24). Contact between latex and the neurovascular structures was significantly less frequent (P = 0.005) for the cranial and craniomedial approaches (0/47) compared to the medial and caudal approaches (8/60). Four erratic injections were encountered. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonographic guidance allowed the needle to engage under the iliac wing without being dependent on external landmarks. The caudal approaches allowed deposition of liquid extremely close to the SI joint although retroperitoneal injections occurred. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Each approach has advantages/drawbacks that could be favoured for selected purposes, but additional work is required to evaluate them on clinical cases.     

重组木与重组竹抗弯性能的比较

以杨木和毛竹为原料,制造了重组木和重组竹。对重组木和重组竹的抗弯弹性模量(MOE)和静曲强度(MOR)进行测试和分析。结果表明:密度在0.7g/cm3以上时,重组竹的抗弯弹性模量比重组木的性能好,弹性模量与密度呈线性相关;重组竹和重组木的静曲强度与密度间呈二次相关,重组竹密度在0.8g/cm3以下时,其静曲强度比重组木略低,密度在0.8g/cm3以上时,重组竹的静曲强度比重组竹的略高。将重组竹在低密度下的高弹性模量与杨木相对较高的静曲强度相结合,制造的木竹重组材可以制造出轻质高强的新型结构材料。     

凤眼莲生物质复合内包装材料的制备工艺

以凤眼莲为原料,解决凤眼莲大量繁殖却难以有效利用的问题,从而降低环境负荷,变废为宝。通过对凤眼莲的二次破碎,混合添加了安全环保的3种胶黏剂(骨胶、瓜尔胶、海藻酸钠)和1种防水剂(乳化石蜡),热压温度和压力分别在160℃和5 MPa的条件下,成功制备了可应用于内包装的环保型生物质包装材料,为了验证材料的力学性能和防水性能,并对材料进行了三点弯曲试验测试其弯曲强度和弹性模量,计算接触角测试了其防水性能。结果表明,添加助剂的生物质包装材料其强度和防水性能都有大幅提高。其中,添加瓜尔胶和海藻酸钠制备的生物质板材力学性能较好,平均破坏应力可达到32.54和44.05 MPa;平均弹性模量分别为3.69和4.77 GPa。未添加助剂的生物质复合包装材料不具有防水性能,其接触角不可测;添加防水剂乳化石蜡的材料均具有一定的表面防水性能,其接触角基本上都大于100°。因此可见,防水剂乳化石蜡的添加可以充分改善材料的防水性能,并且根据材料的力学性能和防水性能可知,乳化石蜡适合和本研究中3种胶黏剂的共同使用。利用凤眼莲制备的生物质复合包装材料是绿色环保材料,废弃后无污染,便于回收与利用,是可自然降解的环境友好型包装材料,在代塑、代木运输包装、食品和农林牧副产品的内包装等方面具有广泛的应用前景。符合绿色化学的宗旨和国家可持续发展的战略方针。     

电压门控钠离子通道scn1Laa参与斑马鱼脑神经发育和运动行为调节的研究

电压门控钠离子通道对于脊椎动物脑神经起始、传播动作电位具有重要作用。为了解斑马鱼电压门控钠离子通道基因scn1Laa在脑神经中的作用,通过CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术,首次构建了可稳定遗传的生长没有受明显影响的scn1Laa缺陷型（scn1Laa-/-）斑马鱼家系。相比野生型,5 dpf（days post-fertilization,受精后5天）scn1Laa缺陷型斑马鱼兴奋抑制性神经元（氨基丁酸类神经元）表达相对增加,兴奋类神经元（谷氨酸能类神经元）和成熟神经元显著减少,脑部细胞增殖也显著减少。受精后5天和90 天的 scn1Laa缺陷型斑马鱼的运动较同时期野生型斑马鱼更为活跃,受精后90天的 scn1Laa缺陷型斑马鱼的运动具有明显的爆发性。以上结果表明,scn1laa缺失导致兴奋类神经元（谷氨酸能类神经元）以及神经细胞增殖减少,影响脑周围神经放电,导致运动神经调节障碍,出现运动行为异常活跃。即电压门控钠离子通道基因scn1Laa参与斑马鱼脑神经发育和生长,间接参与运动行为调节。同时本文也为进一步探究电压门控钠离子通道在脑神经中的作用奠定基础。     

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF ACQUIRED TRIGEMINAL NERVE DISORDERS IN SIX DOGS

The medical records and magnetic resonance (MR) images of dogs with an acquired trigeminal nerve disorder were reviewed retrospectively. Trigeminal nerve dysfunction was present in six dogs with histologic confirmation of etiology. A histopathologic diagnosis of neuritis (n=2) or nerve sheath tumor (n=4) was made. Dogs with trigeminal neuritis had diffuse enlargement of the nerve without a mass lesion. These nerves were isointense to brain parenchyma on T1-weighted (T1W) precontrast images and proton-density-weighted (PDW) images and either isointense or hyperintense on T2-weighted (T2W) images. Dogs with a nerve sheath tumor had a solitary or lobulated mass with displacement of adjacent neuropil. Nerve sheath tumors were isointense to the brain parenchyma on T1W, T2W, and PDW images. All trigeminal nerve lesions enhanced following contrast medium administration. Atrophy of the temporalis and masseter muscles, with a characteristic increase in signal intensity on T1W images, were present in all dogs.     

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF SUBARTICULAR BONE MARROW LESIONS IN DOGS WITH STIFLE LAMENESS

A bone bruise is a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging sign thought to signify acute traumatic microfracture of trabecular bone with hemorrhage and edema in the marrow that may occur without grossly visible disruption of the adjacent cortices or overlying cartilage. In approximately 75% of people with acute anterior-cruciate ligament tears, bone bruises are detected in characteristic locations within the femur and tibia and are best seen as high-signal lesions using fat-suppression sequences. We questioned whether this is a component of naturally acquired stifle lameness in dogs and obtained short-tau inversion recovery (STIR) images of six dogs with stifle lameness. High-signal STIR lesions were detected in five of six (83%) dogs and eight of 12 (67%) limbs. We observed these lesions deep to the intercondylar fossa of the femur and intercondylar eminence of the tibia, which are atypical locations in people. High-signal STIR lesions were detected in dogs with only synovitis, partial tear of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) and complete tear of the CCL. One of these lesions was seen in the lateral tibial condyle, a typical location in humans with acute anterior cruciate ligament tear. As the MR imaging appearance of stress fractures and bone bruises are similar, and the high-signal STIR lesions are at attachment sites of the CCL, this finding may be due to stress disease or other unknown causes, rather than bone bruising. High-signal STIR lesions may be a common sign in naturally acquired canine stifle disease, but the pathogenesis, prognostic and diagnostic values need further investigation.     

DILATED CORONARY SINUS IN A DOG WITH PERSISTENT LEFT CRANIAL VENA CAVA

This paper describes the electrocardiographic, echocardiographic (two-dimensional, M-mode, contrast and Doppler) and non-selective angiocardiographic features in a 3 year old female Beagle with dilated coronary sinus due to persistent left cranial vena cava. Negative P waves in leads III and aVR and a positive P wave in lead aVL were seen. Echocardiographically, a hipoechoic circular structure was seen between the left atrium and the pericardium in the area where the coronary sinus is located. A velocity pattern with two peaks was obtained, one systolic with velocity = 0.44 ± 0.05 m/sec and the other diastolic with velocity = 0.27 ± 0.01 m/sec. By M-mode echocardiography, at level of the aorta and the left atrium, a linear structure was identified between the left atrium and the pericardium; this structure was characterized by phasic movements of the anterior wall during the cardiac cycle. Following a left cephalic vein injection of saline, bubbles were seen within the coronary sinus; when saline was injected into the right cephalic vein, bubbles were also seen within the coronary sinus and right atrium and ventricle. Non-selective angiocardiography confirmed a dilated coronary sinus with persistent left cranial vena cava. The right cranial vena cava was absent. The dog was clinically normal and the unusual vessel was an incidental finding.     

OROPHARYNGEAE DYSPHAGIAS IN THE DOG: A CINEFLUOROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED AND SPONTANEOUSLY OCCURRING SWALLOWING DISORDERS

Cinefluorography and videoflurography were used to record and analyze the functional swallowing deficits of nine dogs with spontaneous oropharyngeal swallowing problems. Based on the clinical and radiographic signs observed in one dog with experimentally induced bilateral hypoglossal palsy and comparison with cinefluorograms of normal dogs, the nine spontaneous dysphagias were divided into five oral dysphagias and four pharyngeal dysphagias. Dogs with oral dysphagias had problems with tongue control and in prehending and transporting food and fluid to the oropharynx. On cinefluorograms, a poor closure of the oral egress led to the loss of contrast medium from the mouth, and a weak tongue-thrust action caused retention of contrast medium in the oropharynx. The clinical and radiographic signs could be duplicated by hypoglossal neurectomy. In contrast to the pharyngeal dysphagias, aspiration pneumonia was noticeably absent in oral dysphagias. The dogs with pharyngeal dysphagia had severe difficulties in transporting the food from the oropharynx to the laryngopharynx owing to a poor contractility of the pharyngeal muscles. The latter resulted in contrast medium retention in the pharynx and laryngotracheal aspiration. The need was stressed for a careful differentiation between oral and pharyngeal dysphagias on one hand, and cricopharyngeal dysphagias on the other hand. In oral dysphagias, cricopharyngeal myotomy appeared of no use. In pharyngeal dysphagias, cricopharyngeal myotomy severely aggravated the clinical signs by causing a cricopharyngeal chalasia.     

Unstable endobronchial intubation in a cat undergoing tracheal laceration repair

A peri-carinal tracheal laceration was produced in a 11-year-old cat during tracheal intubation. Before reconstructive surgery began, the leak was bypassed with an endobronchial tube positioned using endoscopy and direct vision. However, single-lung ventilation could not be sustained because the tube became dislodged and could not be repositioned. Consequently, surgery was completed with periods of intermittent apnoea interspersed with manually controlled hyperventilation. Cardiovascular variables were stable during anaesthesia and no signs of hypoxia were detected. The difficulties in maintaining endobronchial tube position resulted from the animal's small size relative to the dimensions of the endotracheal tube.