果园绿肥对土壤磷组分及磷素有效性的影响

以天津市桃园土壤为研究对象,采用Tiessen磷分级方法研究绿肥栽培并利用条件下土壤磷组分含量变化和磷素活化周转特征。试验共设3个处理：绿肥覆盖（SC）、翻压（BU）和清耕对照（CT）处理。分别于绿肥处理1,4,7年后采集0—20,20—40 cm的土壤样品,测定全磷、活性磷库（Resin—P_i和NaHCO₃—P）、中稳性磷库（NaOH—P）和稳定态磷库（Dil.HCl—P_i、Conc.HCl—P和Residual—P）含量。结果表明,与CT处理相比,SC和BU处理在各采样年份均提高了土壤全磷、Resin—P_i、NaHCO₃—P、NaOH—P和Residual—P含量,降低Dil.HCl—P_i和Conc.HCl—P含量,处理间差异性随绿肥利用年限的增加而增加;其中,各指标BU处理均优于SC处理,且0—20 cm土层变化最为明显。绿肥利用7年后,BU处理0—20 cm土壤Resin—P_i、NaHCO₃—P、NaOH—P和Residual—P含量较CT处理分别显著增加48.82%~128.41%,145.93%~231.16%,206.26%~590.06%和34.67%~37.66%,Dil.HCl—P_i和Conc.HCl—P含量分别显著降低12.37%~15.79%和43.72%~91.39%。综上,相对于清耕对照处理,果园绿肥栽培并利用可显著增加土壤活性磷库和中稳性磷库的比例,并显著降低稳定态磷库的比例;同时,随着绿肥利用年限的增加,土壤活性磷库和中稳性磷库的比例随之增加,稳定态磷库的比例随之降低。研究结果表明,果园绿肥栽培并利用可以有效促进土壤难溶性磷的活化周转,提高土壤磷素生物有效性。     

新疆孔雀河流域平原区土地利用/覆盖变化分析

在对新疆孔雀河流域1973年（MSS）、1990年（TM）、1999年（ETM）3个时期遥感数据进行解译的基础上，得到了研究区3个时期土地利用／覆盖类型变化的基础数据。根据这些数据，进行了土地利用／覆盖类型构成比重、单一土地利用动态度、综合土地利用动态度、以及土地利用程度变化分析。结果表明，1973～1999年间，研究区内土地利用／覆盖类型结构的重心，由草地、林地、盐碱地，转向草地、耕地、盐碱地，草地始终是研究区内面积比重最大的土地利用／覆盖类型；耕地、城乡工矿居民用地、革地面积大幅度增加，林地、水域、盐碱地面积大幅度减少；戈壁、沼泽面积减少幅度相对较小，沙地、裸岩石砾地的面积基本不变；区内各种土地利用／覆盖类型的变化及其相互转化程度非常剧烈；区内土地利用程度逐年提高，土地的开发利用处于发展期。     

The influence of instream cover and predation risk on microhabitat selection of stone loach Barbatula barbatula (L.)

Abstract— The microhabitat selection of stone loach ( Barbatula barbatula ) in relation to instream cover and predation risk was investigated in artificial streams. In one experiment, stone loach were presented different combinations of shelter structures, two at a time, that provided visual isolation, flow refuge, both, or none. In all cases, visual isolation shelters were selected by the fish, with little use of clear shelters and no apparent selection of flow refuges. In a second experiment, diel activity patterns and habitat selection of stone loach were measured when visual isolation structures were placed in the riffle only, pool only, both riffle and pool or in no habitat. Stone loach were marked with passive integrated transponder tags and a sensor plate was placed between the riffle and pool habitats to measure diel activity patterns. Habitat use was measured by releasing drop gates between the two habitats at the end of each trial. More stone loach used the pool than the riffle in all treatments, but use of the riffle increased when cover was present only there. Furthermore, stone loach were most active between 2100 and 0300. To determine the effect of predation threat on habitat use by stone loach, one adult brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) was added to each pool. The presence of trout caused stone loach to move into the riffle, especially the smaller loach. Overall, the study showed that stone loach used cover in a visual isolation context, preferring deeper water when there was no predation risk, but made more use of shallower water in the presence of brown trout.     

潮河上游土地利用/覆被变化对年径流影响模拟

该文以北京潮河密云水库上游流域为研究对象,分析了1961—2000年期间降雨、径流以及土地利用和覆被变化情况,利用一个集总式的水文模型(IHACRES模型)模拟土地利用和覆被变化对年径流的影响。结果表明,40年来,潮河上游流域降雨--径流的演变过程可划分为3个阶段:1961—1978年(第一阶段)、1979—1993年(第二阶段)、1994—2000年(第三阶段)。相对第1阶段而言,第2和第3阶段流域降雨的产流能力总体上呈减少趋势。20世纪80年代末以来,流域内土地利用和覆被变化比较明显,主要变化趋势是林地面积持续增加,耕地、草地及未利用土地向林地的转换构成了土地覆被变化的主导过程,成为影响流域年径流的主要因子。第2阶段,耕地和林地的面积分别增长了7.47%和7.78%,流域内水库和塘坝等水利设施的修建及大规模利用也发生在这一阶段;第3阶段,土地利用和覆被变化主要表现为林地面积的大幅度增加(11.81%)。利用IHACRES模型模拟了第2和第3阶段的"基准年径流",通过对比实测年径流和基准年径流的差异,得出了土地利用和覆被变化减少了流域年径流的结论。其中第2阶段土地利用和覆被变化的影响程度为27.76%,第3阶段为26.15%。     

基于自动取阈分割算法的秸秆覆盖率检测系统

在分析保护性耕作地块覆盖秸秆和土壤亮度存在差异的基础上,以MATLAB为工具,采用自动取阈图像分割算法,提取田间实拍图像中的秸秆及土壤信息,统计图像中秸秆覆盖面积,利用秸秆覆盖率算法实现对地表秸秆覆盖率的自动检测。系统经田间模拟试验校正后,田间测试误差可控制在4%以内,平均检测效率可提高约72倍,为开展保护性耕作技术秸秆覆盖研究提供了一种可行有效的方法。     

Soil conservation on road embankments using palm‐mat geotextiles: field studies in Lithuania

The application of geotextile mats constructed from the palm leaves of Borassus aethiopum (Borassus) and Mauritia flexuosa (Buriti) was investigated in field experiments. The use of geotextiles caused improved soil moisture storage during dry summer periods on a steep (21–25°) roadside slope in Lithuania. The enhanced soil moisture under the Borassus and Buriti mats encouraged better root development of perennial grasses, increased the number and weight of earthworms and increased the dry biomass of perennial grasses by 50.5 and 18.2%, respectively, compared with a grassland control. The mean rate of water erosion from bare soil during the study period from 17/04/2007 to 11/12/2008 was 33.21 Mg/ha. The cover of palm‐mat geotextiles decreased soil losses from bare fallow soil by 94.8–91.1%. An erosion rate of 0.85 Mg/ha over this 21‐month period was measured on the slope under perennial grasses without geotextile cover. Application of geotextile cover on perennial grasses completely prevented soil erosion by water. Therefore, use of geotextiles has clear soil and water conservation benefits on industrial slopes susceptible to erosion. The use of geotextiles has multiple benefits including soil conservation, the improvement of plant growth conditions and the encouragement of earthworm populations.     

Impact of site conditions and farming practices on the occurrence of rare and endangered weeds on arable land in the Czech Republic

This article documents the impact of site conditions and farming practices on the occurrence of rare and endangered weeds on arable land in the Czech Republic. A survey was conducted between 2006 and 2008 in winter cereals, spring cereals and wide‐row crops. The relationship between the occurrence of plants and explanatory factors was analysed using a multivariate analysis to calculate species frequencies in different types of farming, crops and altitudes. In total, 290 relevés were recorded, with a total number of 172 weed species. Nineteen weeds, classified as rare and endangered species according to the national Czech list, were identified in 106 relevés. The highest effect on the occurrence of rare and endangered weed species was observed for altitude. Almost half of the recorded endangered and rare species belonged to the thermophilous weed vegetation typical for cereals on basic soils. A higher occurrence of endangered species has been confirmed for organic farming, where the sum of frequencies was 4.5 times higher than in conventional farming. Field size was not included in our analyses, but could be a factor affecting weed assemblages. The highest frequency of rare species was recorded in spring cereals, followed by winter cereals and wide‐row crops. Higher numbers were identified within fields with higher weed coverage. Lower farming intensity and diversified farming systems at higher altitudes provided better conditions for the occurrence of rare species than intensively farmed lowlands.     

免耕覆盖对玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响

在10a玉米连作的基础上,研究免耕覆盖和传统耕作对玉米产量和养分吸收的影响及土壤养分的变化。结果表明:免耕覆盖可以增产1 012.5kg/hm2,增产率为17.6%。免耕覆盖可以减少玉米根部和茎叶对氮素的吸收,从而增加玉米籽粒中氮素含量;同时可以促进茎叶中的钾元素向籽粒和根部转移。免耕覆盖土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮含量比传统种植分别增加38.7%、22.8%、67%、41.6%,速效钾增幅较小,为3.0%,速效磷含量则表现为传统耕作比免耕覆盖高出1.20mg/kg。在免耕覆盖和传统耕作下,土壤硝态氮含量随土层深度的增加,均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,并且不同层次之间差异显著;免耕覆盖在110cm左右出现最大累积峰,而传统耕作最大累积峰出现在60cm左右。     

基于MODIS数据设计的中国土地覆盖分类系统与应用研究

该文阐述了国内外主要土地覆盖分类系统及其土地覆盖产品在中国的表现,依据中国植被编码体系在MODIS数据试验的基础上,对现有国内土地覆盖分类系统进行了重新设计,包括7大类22个二级类别,并利用2001～2002年MODIS1km时间序列NDVI数据和多波段反射率光谱数据对中国区域进行了土地覆盖分类,结果显示分类产品能较为准确地描述中国区域土地覆盖的实际情况。     

基于土地利用/覆盖的甘肃省景观生态风险时空变化特征

甘肃省景观类型丰富多样,在中国西部地区的生态安全中起关键性作用,也为当地发展提供着重要的物质基础和生态服务。由于气候变化和人类不合理活动的影响,甘肃省部分地区生态环境的安全与稳定遭到严峻挑战。本研究基于欧洲航空局全球土地利用/覆盖数据（CCI-LC）,利用动态度、转移矩阵方法分析了2005-2019年甘肃省土地利用/覆盖变化特征;通过构建景观生态风险指数并运用空间自相关分析法分析了景观生态风险的空间分布特征。结果显示：1)2005-2019年间,裸地面积减少最多,变化率1.88%,耕地次之,变化率2.31%;草地面积增加最多,变化率1.83%,建设用地次之,变化率191.08%。2）所有土地利用/覆盖类型中,建设用地的动态度最高且在整个研究时期内变化速率都保持在较高水平,综合动态度最大的时期为2010-2019年。3）土地利用/覆盖转移矩阵主要表现为耕地、林地、草地、裸地之间的转入与转出以及其他土地类型向建设用地的转入。4)2019年整体的生态风险值较2005年明显上升。其中低风险区和较低风险区面积最多,转化最频繁;中等风险区、较高风险区和高风险区面积虽然较少,但都存在不同程度的增长。...