中国城市环境保护面临的挑战及其对策

中国城市环境面临的挑战是：污染物排放总量大,雾霾污染、水体污染和重金属污染仍然比较严重.随着不断增加环保投入,提高污染治理水平,调整产业结构,提高资源能源的利用效率,城市主要污染物排放量逐年下降,城市环境质量得到了一定的改善.因此,我们需要树立生态文明理念,创建生态城市,实现可持续发展.     

重庆市霾天气下大气能见度与颗粒污染物的关系

利用重庆沙坪坝站2013-2015年逐时环境气象资料,对大气能见度与相对湿度和PM_(2.5)之间的关系进行分析研究,结果表明:重庆市区霾都是在相对湿度大于65%的条件下产生的,重度霾时相对湿度达到86%左右,重庆粗细粒子质量比PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)在霾发生时大于65%,重度霾情况下粗细粒子质量比达82%,说明伴随着细粒子比例的增加, PM_(2.5)细颗粒对能见度的影响作用明显,重庆霾进一步加重, PM_(2.5)相对PM_(10)来说对霾影响作用更大.不同相对湿度条件下,能见度与PM_(2.5)颗粒物关系不同,在70%≤RH80%湿度条件下PM_(2.5)与大气能见度相关性最大,非霾天气下PM_(2.5)阈值仅为30μg/m~3.相对湿度在40%～90%之间,随着相对湿度的增加,颗粒物逐渐吸湿增长,其产生消光效应逐渐加剧,导致能见度不断降低,在PM_(2.5)质量浓度大于85μg/m~3情形下,不论相对湿度大小,都极易形成霾天气,而PM_(2.5)质量浓度小于85μg/m~3情形下,如果相对湿度较高,随着湿度变化颗粒物吸湿增长,也极易形成霾天气.     

基于薄云雾去除的ETM+影像大气校正

中国南方农业遥感监测中,遥感影像常常受到薄云雾影响,大气的散射与吸收作用会使传感器接收到的地物反射率与真实值之间存在差距,是导致数据质量下降的主要原因,薄云雾去除和大气校正处理是十分必要的。该研究利用LandSat-7/ETM+影像,结合背景抑制云雾厚度因子（BSHTI）云检测方法和虚拟云点（VCP）云去除方法进行薄云雾去除,并与暗元法去云处理结果对比分析,然后将去云处理后的影像进行FLAASH大气校正,选取校正前后典型地物的光谱特征和NDVI值进行分析评价。结果表明,BSHTI-VCP法可有效消除薄云雾对遥感数据的影响,提高了云雾覆盖范围的影像质量;FLAASH大气校正较好地消除了大气影响,获得了地物真实地表反射率。该研究为南方作物遥感监测中定量反演与信息解译提供了良好理论支持。     

Qualitative tear film and conjunctival goblet cell assessment of cats with corneal sequestra

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the tear film qualitatively and conjunctival goblet cell numbers in cats with and without corneal sequestra. ANIMALS STUDIED AND PROCEDURES: This was a prospective evaluation of 11 cats with corneal sequestra and 14 control eyes that were either the contralateral normal eye when the sequestrum was unilateral or from control cats of similar age with no ocular disease. All cats in this study were examined by a veterinary ophthalmologist. The ophthalmic examinations included a neuro-ophthalmic evaluation, Schirmer tear tests, fluorescein staining, tear film break-up times, applanation tonometry, biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy. The palpebral conjunctiva at the dorsal nasal, ventral nasal, dorsal temporal and ventral temporal fornices were biopsied after topical anesthetic was applied to the cornea and conjunctiva. The conjunctival biopsies were fixed in formalin and sectioned routinely and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and periodic acid-Schiff. These slides were examined by light microscopy by a blinded examiner. Goblet cell numbers were compared to conjunctival basal epithelial cell numbers by region. The goblet cell numbers by region from the eyes with sequestra was statistically compared to those from eyes without sequestra, with a student's paired t-test. Conjunctival swabs were collected from the cats with corneal sequestra and submitted for polymerase chain reaction for Herpes felis, Chlamydia psiitticia, and Mycoplasma felis. The corneal sequestra were removed by surgical keratectomy and fixed and stained routinely, and examined by light microscopy. RESULTS: No neurologic abnormalities were detected in any of the cats. The Schirmer tear tests (eyes with sequestra 14+/-5.1 mm/min; normal eyes 15+/-6.8 mm/min) and intraocular pressures (eyes with sequestra 21+/-6.6; normal eyes 22+/-5.8) were within normal reference ranges for cats. Biomicroscopic examinations revealed varied sizes and depths of brown- and amber-colored corneal sequestra. No abnormalities were noted on indirect ophthalmoscopic examinations. The tear film break-up time was 21 s (+/-12) for the normal eyes (n=14) and 14 s (+/-13) in eyes with corneal sequestra (n=11). The average goblet/epithelial cell ratios by region for the normal eyes and the eyes with sequestra respectively were 0.66, 0.56 for the dorsal nasal fornix, 0.68, 0.57 for the ventral nasal fornix, 0.63, 0.48 for the temporal dorsal fornix, and 0.55, 0.49 for the temporal ventral fornix. There were no significant differences in tear film break-up times and goblet cell numbers in eyes with corneal sequestra and those without sequestra. Three conjunctival swabs from two of 11 cats with sequestra were positive with PCR for Herpes felis virus. These included one cat with bilateral sequestra and one cat with unilateral corneal sequestrum. CONCLUSIONS: The pathogenesis of feline corneal sequestra does not appear to be linked primarily to abnormal goblet cell numbers, qualitative tear film abnormalities, and accelerated tear film break-up time.     

A keratoprosthesis prototype for the dog

Objective  To describe the technique for implantation of a novel keratoprosthesis (KP) prototype and evaluate its application for the treatment of corneal blindness in dogs.
Animals studied  Seven dogs, all of them being clinically blind before surgery as a result of severe corneal endothelial disease (5/7) or chronic superficial keratitis (2/7) that were unresponsive to prior therapy.
Procedures  A silicone KP was implanted unilaterally, just anterior to Descemet's membrane, after creating a stromal pocket by deep stromal lamellar dissection.
Results  Implantation of the KP was accomplished without complication in six of seven operated dogs. In the remaining case, an intra-operative complication (perforation of Descemet's membrane) was associated with extrusion of the KP 8 weeks postoperatively. All operated eyes regained limited vision after surgery. Three to six months after implantation purulent keratitis occurred in all five eyes with endothelial disease, necessitating surgical removal of the KP 6 months postoperatively in 5/7 eyes.
Conclusions  This KP prototype shows promise as a treatment for certain blinding corneal diseases. However, changes in the design of this KP, allowing improved stromal integration, will be necessary before its clinical application can be approved.