高羊茅草坪斜纹夜蛾的发生与防治研究

[目的]探究高羊茅草坪斜纹夜蛾的发生规律及药剂防治效果。[方法]于2010～2012年对池州市高羊茅草坪斜纹夜蛾的发生规律及室外防治效果进行了研究。[结果]室外药效试验研究表明,2.2%甲维盐乳油2 000倍液、30%乙酰甲胺磷1 000倍液等对斜纹夜蛾的发生有很好的防治效果。[结论]为高羊茅草坪斜纹夜蛾的控制提供了借鉴。     

短期NaHCO3胁迫对3种冷季型草坪草生理生态特征的影响

土壤盐渍化严重威胁草坪草的可持续发展,选育和种植耐盐草坪草可改良和利用大面积盐渍土壤。以3种冷季型草坪草黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea L.)和早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)为试验材料,采用盆栽法研究不同浓度NaHCO3胁迫(0,0.2%,0.4%,0.6%,0.8%,1.0%)对3种冷季型草坪草生理生态特征的影响。结果表明:不同浓度NaHCO3胁迫下3种冷季型草坪草草坪外观质量、叶片萎蔫系数、叶片相对含水量、叶片叶绿素含量和K+含量均随着NaHCO3浓度的增加而逐渐降低,且浓度越高,下降越明显;0.4%～1.0%NaHCO3胁迫降低了3种冷季型草坪草的地上部分和根系干重,且随着NaHCO3浓度的增加,生长受到胁迫的抑制程度显著增大,根系部分的受抑制程度比地上部分更明显;不同浓度NaHCO3胁迫下3种冷季型草坪草叶片相对电导率、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量和Na+含量随着NaHCO3胁迫浓度的升高呈上升趋势,且浓度越高上升越明显;NaHCO3浓度0.4%时,3种冷季型草坪草已受到伤害;黑麦草、高羊茅和早熟禾在不同浓度NaHCO3胁迫下的隶属函数平均值均表现为早熟禾黑麦草高羊茅,说明3种冷季型草坪草抗NaHCO3胁迫的能力均为早熟禾强于黑麦草和高羊茅。     

干旱及复水处理下坪用黑麦草和高羊茅抗旱特性比较

本试验以冷季型草坪草高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)品种凌志（Barlexas）和黑麦草（Lolium perenne）品种首相（Premier）为供试材料,研究其在干旱胁迫和复水过程中的生长、形态指标的变化。结果表明,两种草坪草在干旱胁迫期间叶片相对含水量、叶片水势、蒸散量、土壤相对含水量、草坪质量、生长速率呈明显下降趋势,质膜透性(以相对电导率表示)、萎蔫率呈上升趋势;复水后两草种叶片相对含水量、萎蔫率、叶片水势、生长速率和凌志草坪质量恢复到对照水平,两草种质膜透性、蒸散量和首相草坪质量未恢复到对照水平。胁迫期间凌志各指标可保持较好水平,变化幅度也相对较低,复水期间凌志各指标恢复速度快,复水结束时较多指标恢复到胁迫前水平,说明高羊茅品种凌志的抗旱性及恢复能力优于黑麦草品种首相。     

草坪草屑的加工与利用

我国每年修剪草坪产生大量的草坪草屑,对草坪草屑的加工利用,可以对我国能源、饲料、肥料及蛋白资源的短缺起到一定的缓解作用,因此如何对草坪草屑进行合理利用已成为一项重要的研究课题。本文综述了草坪草屑能源化、饲料化、肥料化和深加工4种利用方式,详细介绍了草坪草屑在发酵生产能源、饲喂家畜、堆肥还坪以及加工叶蛋白等方面的研究进展,指出禾本科草坪草屑和豆科草坪草屑应采用不同的处理方式,对各加工方式的投入和产出也应进行进一步的量化核算,同时总结并展望了草坪草屑利用方式的发展前景。     

绿僵菌防治高尔夫草坪蛴螬试验

金龟子Anomala cupripes幼虫蛴螬是高尔夫草坪的主要地下害虫,直接影响球场草坪质量以及运动性能。深圳市蛴螬危害主要发生在2个时期,春季末期和夏季末期。应用绿僵菌生物农药防治蛴螬,分别进行了小区试验和高尔夫球场大区试验,结果发现,小区试验绿僵菌对蛴螬的杀灭率平均为67.6%,适宜施菌量为2 g/m2;大区试验绿僵菌对蛴螬的杀灭率秋季平均达59.9%。     

Fine root dynamics, coarse root biomass, root distribution, and soil respiration in a multispecies riparian buffer in Central Iowa, USA

By influencing belowground processes, streamside vegetation affects soil processes important to surface water quality. We conducted this study to compare root distributions and dynamics, and total soil respiration among six sites comprising an agricultural buffer system: poplar (Populus × euroamericana‘ Eugenei), switchgrass, cool-season pasture grasses, corn (Zea mays L.), and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The dynamics of fine (0--2 mm) and small roots (2--5 mm) were assessed by sequentially collecting 35 cm deep, 5.4 cm diameter cores from April through November. Coarse roots were described by excavating 1 × 1 × 2 m pits and collecting all roots in 20 cm depth increments. Root distributions within the soil profile were determined by counting roots that intersected the walls of the excavated pits. Soil respiration was measured monthly from July to October using the soda-lime technique. Over the sampling period, live fine-root biomass in the top 35 cm of soil averaged over 6 Mg ha^-1 for the cool-season grass, poplar, and switchgrass sites while root biomass in the crop fields was < 2.3 Mg ha^-1 at its maximum. Roots of trees, cool-season grasses, and switchgrass extended to more than 1.5 m in depth, with switchgrass roots being more widely distributed in deeper horizons. Root density was significantly greater under switchgrass and cool-season grasses than under corn or soybean. Soil respiration rates, which ranged from 1.4--7.2 g C m^-2 day^-1, were up to twice as high under the poplar, switchgrass and cool-season grasses as in the cropped fields. Abundant fine roots, deep rooting depths, and high soil respiration rates in the multispecies riparian buffer zones suggest that these buffer systems added more organic matter to the soil profile, and therefore provided better conditions for nutrient sequestration within the riparian buffers. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

草坪网球场草坪建植技术

对我国北部温凉带地区草坪网球场草坪建植作了实地实验建议。结果表明：匍茎翦股颖＋草地早熟禾＋匍匐紫羊茅＋黑麦草＋小糠草混播,比例为40：30：20：5:5,该组合适应兰州地区的生境条件和网球场功能需要。配制床上要在表层10cm之内,每平方米掺泥炭或锯木屑0．1～03m3。排水体按水工反滤层设计,排水管接鱼刺状布设,按此方法建成后表现出良好的特性和排水效果。当气温达16℃左右时,北方地区均可播种,3个月后成坪,除正常的管理外,需定期覆沙、镇压、打孔、修剪等特殊养护,方可进行正常的网球运动。     

种间杂交狗牙根足球场草坪的建植与管理技术研究

本文系统地总结了 Ｔｉｆｗａｙ 足球场草坪的建植和日常养护管理技术。证明种间杂交狗牙根品种 Ｔｉｆｗａｙ 是成都地区建植足球场的理想品种,值得大力推广。     

南京地区草坪主要杂草初步调查

经过近３年时间的调查,观测和鉴定,发现南京地区草坪的主要杂草有２３科５３属５４种 ,其中,夏,秋季危害草坪的主要杂草有马唐,牛筋草,画眉草,狗尾草,白茅,双穗雀,李氏禾,三叶草,空心莲子草等;冬,春季危害草坪的主要杂草有泥胡菜,猪殃殃,雪见草,附地菜,蘩蒌,稻槎菜,看麦娘,粘毛卷耳,大巢菜,婆婆纳等,不同建植年限和管理水平下的草坪杂草分布特点不同。     

Integrated Pest Management of Pest Mole Crickets with Emphasis on the Southeastern USA

There are at least 70 species of mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). Some are rare, others are innocuous, and a few are important pests. These soil-dwelling pests damage underground parts of a long list of cultivated plants. Although tillage and flooding are used successfully in some situations to bring these pests to the soil surface and expose them to vertebrate and other predators, chemical pesticides are widely used against them. Knowledge of their life history is used to time application of chemical treatments to save money, but is not used as widely as it might be. Classical biological control has been used against immigrant mole crickets in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the southern USA. In Florida, three Scapteriscus species from South America cause major damage to pastures and turf and are targets of a classical biological control program. Population levels of two of the pest species have been reduced substantially in Florida by establishment of a tachinid fly (Ormia depleta) and a steinernematid nematode (Steinernema scapterisci) from South America. The nematode also functions as a biopesticide. Managers of pastures and turf in Florida have thus far derived benefit from these classical biological control agents without understanding their function: use of chemicals is reduced when mole cricket populations are lower due to action of these organisms. Future enhancement of the action of O. depleta and of a sphecid wasp (Larra bicolor, which also was introduced from South America) probably will demand deliberate planting of nectar sources for adults of these biological control agents, and the advantage will be to managers who adopt such a strategy. Chemical pesticide use is strongly promoted by a large chemical industry, whereas biopesticidal use has thus far been little promoted and sales have been few. Even managers who do not change their simple strategy of pesticide use in response to damage by mole crickets, and have no knowledge of the differing life cycles of the three Scapteriscus species or of the presence and action of the classical biological control agents, will derive benefit as these biological control agents (and a predatory beetle which has not yet been released) increase their distribution.