Effect of autochthonous and commercial probiotic bacteria on growth,persistence, immunity and disease resistance in juvenile and adult Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

Probiotics are gaining worldwide acceptance as means to improve growth and health of fish. However, the type of probiotic, dose, duration and mode of the application, age and size of the fish are among the factors involved in determining the efficacy of the applied probiotic. In this study, two trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding three probiotics on growth, feed conversion (FCR) and gross yield (GY) in juvenile (28.3 g) and adult (93.4 g) tilapia compared to a control probiotic‐free diet (CON). In the first trial, an autochthonous Bacillus subtilis isolated from the gut of cultured tilapia (TPI), a commercial Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotic (COM1) and a combination of both (MIX1) were tested. In the second trial, the same treatments were tested in adults (101.8 g) only with the replacement of COM1 with another commercial probiotic (COM2) consisting of four bacterial species. Results showed that in juveniles, the MIX1 treatment had the highest (P < 0.05) mean weight (MWT), daily growth rate (DGR), specific growth rate (SGR), GY and best FCR, followed by the TPI and the COM1 treatments. Growth in adults was not affected by probiotics and was depressed by COM1. In the second trial, the COM2 treatment had the highest (P < 0.05) MWT, DGR, SGR, GY and best FCR, followed by the MIX2 and the TPI treatments. These results indicate the positive effect of the probiotics on growth and the synergetic effect of mixing more than two bacteria. The TPI had the highest gut colonization and retention after 15 days of withdrawing the probiotics followed by the MIX1 and MIX2 treatments. The COM1 and COM2 showed no proliferation. Generally, probiotics improved the immunity with the TPI causing the highest improvement. Tilapia fed with the TPI, MIX1 and MIX2 bacteria, then challenged by injecting the LD₅₀ dose (10^4.86 cfu per fish) of the pathogenic Proteus vulgaris bacterium had a higher relative percentage of survival than the COM1, and COM2 treatments. Results obtained in this study indicate the higher potential of the autochthonous probiotic bacteria and the mixture of bacteria in enhancing growth, immunity and disease resistance in tilapia than the commercial products and a tendency of fish size discrepancy in the response to probiotics.     

真鲷配合饲料的研究

本文根据近年来真鲷养殖的亟需，因地制宜地研究了不同植物蛋白源对真鲷生长的影响，并在此基础上根据真鲷对营养的需要，设计了三种饲料配方进行试验。试验结果表明，以花生饼为植物蛋白源的Ｂ号饲料饲喂真鲷，增长率最高，饲料系数为２．２２。     

The effect of the dietary substitution of fishmeal with tuna by‐product meal on growth,body composition,plasma chemistry and amino acid profiles of juvenile Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli)

The effect of the substitution of fishmeal with tuna by‐product meal (TBM) in the diet of Korean rockfish on growth, body composition, plasma chemistry and amino acid profiles was determined. Nine experimental diets were prepared. The control (Con) diet consisted of 550 g kg^?1 fishmeal. The 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % fishmeal diets were substituted with tuna by‐product meal (TBM), referred to as the TBM10, TBM20, TBM30, TBM40, TBM60, TBM80 and TBM100 diets, respectively. Finally, the fishmeal and soybean meal was completely replaced with TBM in the diet TBM100‐S. There was no significant difference in weight gain and SGR of the fish that were fed the TBM40 and Con diets. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the fish that were fed the Con, TBM10, TBM20 and TBM30 diets was lower than that of the fish that were fed all of the other diets. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish that were fed the TBM10, TBM20 and TBM300 diets was higher than that of fish that were fed the TBM40, TBM60, TBM80, TBM100 and TBM100‐S diets. It can be concluded that the substitution of fishmeal with up to 40 and 30 % TBM in the diet of juvenile Korean rockfish could be made without exerting a detrimental effect on their growth (SGR) and feed utilization (FCR and PER), respectively.     

黑鲷的生长和生态转换效率及其主要影响因素

黑鲷的特定生长率随温度或摄食水平升高而减速增长,其关系分别可用公式SGR＝1.0７lnT－2.4４ 或SGR＝0.46ln( FL )－0.071定量描述;而生态转换效率则随温度或摄食水平增大而增至一峰值,然后随其进一步增加而降低,其关系则分别可用二次曲线Eg＝－0.1２T2 ４．６４T－２９．７４或Eg＝-5.92FL2 35.57FL 26.69定量描述,且依据上述公式可分别求得实验条件下的最佳生长温度为19.4℃,维持摄食量和最佳摄食量分别为黑鲷体重的1.17％和2. 62％。黑鲷的群居性和摄食小型鱼类饵料,虽有利于加速其生长速度,却不能影响相同条件下测得的生态转换效率。     

中华鲟幼鲟的适宜投喂率研究

通过４周的生长试验来确定中华鲟幼鲟的适宜投喂率。试验饲料是一种半湿性的配合饲料,日投喂率分别为鱼体重的２％,４％,６％,８％,根据最大增重率和最小饲料系数这一标准,在水温１４℃的条件下,中华鲟幼鲟的适宜投率应是体重的２％。     

饲料中脂肪水平对幼蟹生长和饲料利用率的影响

以初始体重为(0.85±0.09)g的幼蟹为实验对象,在室内水族箱中进行为期30 d的生长实验.以鱼油/豆油(21,W/W)为脂肪源,配制成脂肪含量分别为0%、2%、4%、6%、8%和10%的6种等氮、等能饲料,用于探讨饲料中脂肪水平对幼蟹生长及饲料利用率的影响.实验结果表明,随着饲料脂肪水平的提高,虽然实验幼蟹的增重率、饲料转化率、蛋白质效率和蛋白质利用率也随之提高,各处理之间的差异不显著(P＞0.05).但随着饲料脂肪水平的提高,幼蟹对脂肪的摄食率和养殖成活率差异显著(P＜0.05).因此,认为饲料中脂肪含量达6.61%～9.96%时可满足幼蟹的生长.     

The effects of dietary protein and lipid on growth and body composition of juvenile and sub-adult red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus (Poey, 1860)

To allow for the initial identification of practical diet formulations for red snapper culture, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding varying levels of dietary protein and lipid on growth and body composition of juvenile and sub‐adult red snapper. Twelve diets were formulated to contain varying levels of dietary protein and lipid. In trial 1, juvenile red snapper (initial mean weight 5.9 g) were offered diets with graded levels of dietary protein (32%, 36%, 40%, 44%) and practical energy to protein ratios. In trial 2, juvenile red snapper (initial mean weight 8.64 g) were offered isonitrogenous diets (44% protein) containing graded levels of dietary lipid (8%, 10%, 12%, 14%). Sub‐adult fish (initial mean weight 151.5 g) were used in trial 3 and maintained on diets similar to those of trial 1 (32–44% protein). Sub‐adult fish (initial mean weight 178.3 g) in trial 4 were offered isonitrogenous diets containing 32% dietary protein and graded levels of dietary lipid (6%, 8%, 10%, 12%). There were no significant differences in growth, feed efficiency ratio (FER) or survival in juvenile fish. Juvenile fish offered 32% dietary protein exhibited a significantly greater (P=0.0497) protein conversion efficiency (PCE) than fish offered a diet containing 44% dietary protein. Juvenile fish in trial 2 also had significantly higher (P=0.005) intraperitoneal fat ratios (IPFRs) at 14% dietary lipid than fish offered diets containing 8–10% dietary lipid, and displayed trends towards greater protein as a percent of whole‐body composition at 8–10% dietary lipid. Sub‐adult snapper in trials 3 and 4 showed no significant differences in growth, FER or survival. However, in trial 4 there was a general trend towards increased % weight gain (P=0.0615), FER (P=0.0601) and final mean weight (P=0.0596) with increasing levels of dietary lipid. Fish in trial 4 offered 6% dietary lipid also had significantly lower (P=0.0439) IPFR and PCE (P=0.0188) than fish offered 12% dietary lipid. Based on data obtained from these trials, inclusion of dietary protein at levels of 32–36% appears sufficient to support growth. For this level of protein, dietary lipid should be ～10% in order to meet the energetic demands of the fish and to spare dietary protein for growth.     

光温条件对无花粉型光温敏核不育水稻籼S育性转换的影响

为了弄清光温条件对自然突变的无花粉型水稻光温敏核不育系籼S育性转换的影响,通过大田遮光和人工气候箱设置不同光长(11.5、12.5、13.5和14.5 h)、不同温度(21、23.5、24、24.5和28℃)对幼穗分化期内的籼S持续(7、8、9、10、15和20d)处理.结果表明,越冬材料在13.5 h光长下处理15d,24和24.5℃两种处理最终均能使籼S从可育转为不育,21℃低温处理能使籼S可育率高达96.5％;以21℃低温、13.5 h光长的条件持续处理不同时间,仅9、10d的低温处理才能导致籼S出现持续可育;大田遮光处理仅在晚造时对育性转换产生影响,出现可育花粉的时间早晚及其花粉可育率存在显著差异时的育性高低总体趋势均为11.5 h处理＞12.5 h处理＞CK＞13.5 h处理;人工气候箱内不同光长持续处理20d发现,28℃高温各处理始终为无花粉型败育;24℃低温处理,仅11.5 h光长处理能使籼S出现部分可育花粉;23.5C低温处理,11.5和12.5 h两种光长处理能使籼S出现部分可育花粉.故籼S具有较强的温敏性和一定的光敏性,在23.5～24.0℃的低温下,存在一定的光温互作效应.     

The effect of water oxygen saturation on growth and haematological profile of juvenile peled Coregonus peled (Gmelin)

The effect of varying oxygen saturation regimes on growth and haematological profiles of peled Coregonus peled was investigated on fish of initial age 90 days post hatching. Eighty‐five juveniles per group (initial body weight 3.09 ± 0.80 g) were submitted to a 63‐day experiment with one of four water saturation regimes: normoxia (NORm, 80%–90%), hypoxia (HYPo, 50%–60%), hyperoxia (HYPe, 150%–160%) and intermittent hyperoxia (iHYPe, 150%–160% ‐ 80%–90%). Survival rate in NORm, HYPe and iHYPe ranged from 96.3 ± 2.1% to 97.7 ± 2.7, but survival 87.5 ± 3.0 was significantly lower in the HYPo group. No differences were observed in feed conversion ratio. The highest final body weight of 18.2 ± 4.6 g and a specific growth rate of 2.81 ± 0.01%/day were seen in the NORm group. Significant differences were found in haemoglobin concentration with increased saturation. The fish had lower haemoglobin 55.00 ± 5.72 and 51.35 ± 10.89 g/L in treatments HYPe, iHYPe with compared to the normoxia (64.22 ± 5.78 g/L). Haematocrit was similar in the groups HYPo, NORm and iHYPe (0.55 ± 0.04, 0.58 ± 0.05 and 0.54 ± 0.09) with the exception of HYPe, which was significantly lower (0.48 ± 0.06). Significantly lower count of erythrocyte was observed in iHYPe group (0.88 ± 0.20) with compared to the normoxia (1.06 ± 0.13). The supersaturation level was not associated with effects on growth and survival, and adding oxygen is not recommended for intensive rearing of peled. The results showed normoxia oxygen level to be the most suitable conditions for peled.     

河北省沽源县退耕还林工程实施情况调查

采用问卷和实地抽样调查等方法,对河北省沽源县退耕还林工程的实施情况进行了调查。结果表明:退耕还林工程政策执行情况良好,工程区森林资源及生态状况改善,工程区经济与社会效益明显;但是也存着产出规模形成期长、工程补助期短,后续产业或替代性产业发展滞后,树种单一、管护制度安排不够完善等问题;针对存在的问题,提出了调整产业结构、发展多种经营、培育龙头企业和完善配套政策等建议。