Dietary plant protein utilization in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.

The present trials aimed to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with plant proteins in diets for cod, using a regression design where fish meal constituted the control. The plant protein diets were formulated to meet the amino acid requirements according to NRC (1993) and contained corn gluten meal, soybean meal, a mixture of these, or a mixture of wheat gluten meal and soybean concentrate. The plant protein fraction constituted up to 440 g kg⁻¹ of the extruded diet. Two feeding experiments were conducted, one at high (11 °C) and one at low (6.5 °C) temperature. High growth and feed utilization were obtained in all diet groups at both temperatures. However, only in Exp.1 (11 °C), growth and feed utilization were linearly reduced by increases in dietary soybean and corn gluten meal, while no such effect was detected in Exp.2 (6.5 °C). Reductions in protein retention were seen at both temperatures with use of all evaluated plant protein sources. Due to large amounts of plant protein ingredients in diet, differences in diet amino acid composition were seen. These were partly reflected in the muscle free amino acid pool. Dietary plant ingredients did not affect whole body, liver or muscle proximate compositions, or liver indices. In both experiments, blood parameters were within the range of earlier reported normal values and indicated, together with low mortality, good fish health status. The results show that there is high potential to use protein‐rich plant ingredients in diets for Atlantic cod.     

农杆菌介导美味猕猴桃基因转化影响因素研究

[目的]建立美味猕猴桃叶片外植体转化体系,为猕猴桃遗传转化研究奠定良好基础.[方法]以美味猕猴桃组培苗叶片为材料,研究不同浓度乙酰香酮（AS）对外植体β-葡萄糖苷酸酶基因（GUS）瞬时表达阳性率的影响,及暗培养时间与抗褐化剂二硫苏糖醇（DTT）、聚乙烯呲咯烷酮（PVP）对外植体褐化、抗性芽诱导的影响.[结果]仅在侵染菌液中添加AS时,100、150、200 μmol/L AS 3个处理的外植体GUS阳性率均极显著高于对照,分别为14.6％、16.7％、10.7％;而当农杆菌侵染液与共培养基中同时添加100～150μmol/L AS,可使GUS瞬时表达阳性率提高至37.9％.选择培养初期经过2～12 d暗培养后,外植体褐化率不断下降,抗性芽诱导率不同程度提高,其中以暗培养6、8d处理的褐化率相对较低,分别为33.2％和30.6％,且相应的抗性芽诱导率最高,分别为14.2％和13.1％,极显著高于其他处理与对照.在分化培养基中添加1.0～2.0 g/L的DTT并暗培养6d的效果优于对应浓度的PVP;其中1.5 g/L DTT并暗培养6d,可使外植体褐化率降至13.4％,卡那霉素抗性芽诱导率提高至24.3％.卡那霉素抗性植株叶片GUS染色与PCR扩增结果显示,ShivaA基因已转化至美味猕猴桃秦美.[结论]AS不同使用方式及其浓度对叶片GUS瞬时阳性表达率的提高具有明显影响;选择培养初期进行暗培养6～8 d或暗培养结合添加1.0～2.0 g/L DTT抗褐化剂,均可降低美味猕猴桃叶片转化芽再生过程中的褐化,提高转化效率.     

退耕还林工程建设对吴起县域植被碳储量的影响

采用标准样地调查结合数据分析的方法研究了吴起县退耕还林工程实施后,人工林的含碳率、碳储量及空间分布特征,结果表明：吴起县9类退耕还林地植被层总碳密度由大到小的顺序为：柠条〉刺槐〉沙棘〉紫穗槐〉臭椿〉山杏〉山桃〉侧柏〉油松,均大于天然草地的总碳密度;吴起县退耕还林12年后植被的总碳储量为152.53万t,是退耕还林前1998年总碳储量的3.2倍,且其空间分布也发生了较大的转变。吴起县退耕还林地的平均碳密度值远低于我国及世界各地森林平均碳密度的一些估计值,各类林地生态系统的碳储量还有很大潜力空间。     

矿井通风变频自动控制方法研究

现有矿井风机的工频供电控制方式已不能满足目前矿井现代化生产的需求。通过研究矿井风机传统控制方式,设计了矿井通风变频自动控制系统。该系统采用变频器对风机进行变频调速,以达到对风压和风量的自动控制;通过检测风机轴承和电动机温度,由中央控制单元自动切换备用风机,提高了矿井生产的安全性和可靠性。     

Dietary protein/energy ratios for Atlantic salmon in relation to fish size: growth, feed utilization and slaughter quality

Four extruded diets differing in protein/fat concentrations, 378/389 g kg^?1, 425/346 g kg^?1, 480/308 g kg^?1 and 524/256 g kg^?1 were tested in a digestibility trial and a growth study. Apparent digestibility of protein and fat were not significantly different among the diets when tested in 1-kg Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in sea water. The diets represented a range of digestible protein to digestible energy ratios (DP/DE ratios) of 14.1, 16.4, 18.8 and 21.9 g MJ^?1. The 138-day growth study was performed with triplicate groups of Atlantic salmon of 1.0 and 2.5 kg initial weight. Irrespective of size; growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), nitrogen and energy retention were poorer in fish fed the diet with DP/DE ratio of 14.1 g MJ^?1 compared with the fish fed the other diets. A DP/DE ratio of 16.4 g MJ^?1 was sufficient to produce maximum growth for the large fish, while the DP/DE ratio of 18.8 g MJ^?1 produced the highest growth in the small fish. In the large fish, the lowest FCR was obtained on a DP/DE ratio of 16.4 g MJ^?1, while there was no clear difference in FCR within the small fish when diets of DP/DE ratios of 16.4–21.9 g MJ^?1 were fed. The carcass-to-body ratio in the small fish decreased with decreasing DP/DE ratios. The fish fed the diet of 21.9 g MJ^?1 had significantly lower fat and dry matter and higher protein content than fish of similar size fed the other diets. Increased dietary lipid content seemed to improve astaxanthin deposition in the small fish, while the large fish showed no significant differences in astaxanthin deposition due to dietary treatment. This study indicates that a DP/DE ratio of 14.1 g MJ^?1 in high-energy diets for Atlantic salmon in sea water is below the optimal DP/DE ratio for growth and feed utilization, and that the optimal DP/DE ratio decreases with increasing fish weight. DP/DE ratios around 19 g MJ^?1 for fish weighing 1 to 2.5 kg, and 16–17 g MJ^?1 for fish weighing 2.5 to 5 kg, are suggested to be optimal.     

Photoperiod influences the growth, food intake, feed efficiency and digestibility of red sea bream (Pagrus major)

Two consecutive trials were conducted to investigate the effects of photoperiod manipulation on growth rate, food intake and feed conversion efficiency (Trial 1), and the digestibility of nutrients and energy (Trial 2) in red sea bream, Pagrus major (body weight 19–120 g). Fish were exposed to four photoperiods (6L:6D, 12L:12D, 16L:8D and 24L:0D) with light intensity 1500 lx on the water surface. The fish were fed with a commercial diet to apparent satiation. In Trial 2, 0.5% chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃) was used as an inert marker. Significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rates were observed in fish exposed to a 24L:0D photoperiod followed by 16L:8D, 6L:6D and 12L:12D photoperiods (P < 0.05). Food intake and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were also significantly higher in fish exposed to 24L:0D followed by 16L:8D, 6L:6D and 12L:12D photoperiods (P < 0.05). Fish exposed to 24L:0D and 16L:8D photoperiods showed significantly higher lipid and energy digestibility than those exposed to a 12L:12D photoperiod (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that the enhancement of growth performances under 16L:8D and 24L:0D photoperiods were attributed to improved appetite, greater food intake and higher feed conversion efficiency as well as higher digestibility.     

Opportunity costs: Who really pays for conservation?

Designing conservation areas entails costs that, if considered explicitly, can be minimized while still achieving conservation targets. Here we focus on opportunity costs which measure forgone benefits from alternative land uses. Conservation planning studies often use partial estimates of costs, but the extent to which these result in actual efficiencies has not been demonstrated. Our study partitions land costs into three distinct opportunity costs to smallholder agriculture, soybean agriculture and ranching. We demonstrate that opportunity costs to single stakeholder groups can be inaccurate measures of true opportunity costs and can inadvertently shift conservation costs to affect groups of stakeholders disproportionately. Additionally, we examine how spatial correlations between costs as well as target size affect the performance of opportunity costs to single stakeholder groups as surrogate measures of true opportunity costs. We conclude that planning with opportunity costs to single stakeholder groups can result in cost burdens to other groups that could undermine the long-term success of conservation. Thus, an understanding of the spatial distributions of opportunity costs that are disaggregated to groups of stakeholders is necessary to make informed decisions about priority conservation areas.     

带式输送机的变频调速研究

带式输送机是广泛运用于电力、化工、冶金等领域的输送设备,其工作的高效性和稳定性是重要技术指标.变频调速技术通过变频器可以任意改变电源输出频率,从而调节电机转速.变频调速技术应用到带式输送机,能够实现软启动、节能运行及提高输送系统稳定性等目的.