利用BIOLOG系统对不同种类细菌鉴定的研究

为完善细菌鉴定工作,本试验通过利用BIOLOG细菌自动微生物分析系统(简称BIOLOG系统)对13株大肠杆菌、15株巴氏杆菌和7株金黄色葡萄球菌进行了鉴定,并与传统方法[1]包括形态学观察、革兰氏染色、生化实验等的鉴定结果进行了比对.实验结果表明,与传统方法相比BIOLOG系统具有准确、快捷、简便的优点,同时也有一定的局限性,从而为BIOLOG系统的更好使用提供了实验依据.     

Record keeping,genetic selection,educational experience and farm management effects on average milk yield per cow,milk fat percentage,bacterial score and bulk tank somatic cell count of dairy farms in the Central region of Thailand

A study was conducted to estimate the record keeping, genetic selection, educational, and farm management effects on average milk yield per cow (AYC), milk fat percentage, bacterial score, and bulk tank somatic cell count (BTSCC) of dairy farms in the central region of Thailand. Farms were located in the provinces of Saraburi and Nakhon Ratchisima and were members of the Muaklek dairy cooperative. Records from individual animals were unavailable. Thus, farm records of milk yield, milk fat percentage, bacterial score, and BTCCC were collected from July 1, 2003 through June 30, 2006. Additional record keeping, genetic selection, education, and farm management information was collected through a questionnaire in May of 2006. Data from the Muaklek dairy cooperative and the questionnaire were then merged by a farm identification number. A single trait mixed model was used to analyze AYC, milk fat percentage, and BTSCC, while a log linear model was used to analyze bacterial score. Results showed that farms that kept records on individual animals had higher (P < 0.05) milk fat percentages and lower bacterial scores than farms that did not. Farms that used genetic information (EBV) and phenotypes when selecting sires were higher (P < 0.05) for milk fat percentage than farms that used only phenotypes and personal opinion. Farms milking cows with a single unit milking machine and by hand, had higher (P < 0.05) bacterial scores and BTSCC than farms using only a single or multi unit machine. Overall farms that kept individual animal records, used EBV when selecting sires, used a single method for collecting milk, and used family labor achieved higher performance from their herds than farms that did not.     

Effects of conventional and organic feed on the mineral composition of cultured European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is a widely consumed marine fish in Mediterranean areas, and different farming techniques are applied for fish culturing to satisfy the growing demand for seafood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of conventional and organic feed on the quality of cultured European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) collected during the growth period. The concentrations of ash, moisture, essential macro‐elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na and P), micro‐elements (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn) and toxic elements (As, Cd, and Pb) were determined in feeds and in fillets of cultured fish. The results were compared to those obtained from wild sea bass. Results showed that the differences between organic diet‐fed and conventional diet‐fed sea basses varied in relation to the specific element measured and the growth period. The former showed higher concentration of Fe, Mg and Cr, and lower Na content. The amount of P, Na, Fe, Cu and Cr in wild sea bass was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than that found in farmed fish. The levels of toxic elements in cultured sea bass were always within the allowed limit for fishery products. Wild samples had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher content of arsenic and lead than farmed sea bass. Cultured fish represent a valuable dietary source of essential macro‐ and micro‐elements. Controlled rearing systems and feedings were related to a decrease in the presence of some toxic metals in cultured fish compared with wild fish.     

辐照对库尔勒香梨贮藏保鲜的研究

研究了新疆库尔勒香梨经60 Coγ射线 5～ 1 1kGy处理后 ,在贮藏期间总糖、维生素C、呼吸强度、蔗糖转化酶和细胞膜透性等的变化情况。辐照对果品具有杀菌效果 ,抑制并推迟了采后生理进程。辐照引起酶的活性降低 ,延缓呼吸强度 ,从而减少了糖份的消耗 ,使香梨贮藏期延长了 1 5～ 2个月。经 8个月贮藏 ,γ射线处理的香梨保存率为 94 2 % ,对照为 82 2 %。     

生物质固化成型制品表面裂纹试验研究

针对目前生物质热压成型制品表面易出现裂纹及变形现象,通过试验研究了裂纹形成的影响因素,并结合相关研究成果探讨了裂纹形成的根本原因。结果表明:含水率和进料速度等因素影响裂纹的形成;挤压中材料屈服强度后的塑性流动过程产生的剪应力是裂纹形成的根本原因;保型筒对于减少裂纹的功用主要作用于成型过程的塑性流动阶段。     

源库调节对常规粳稻花后营养器官碳水化合物及氮磷钾转运的影响

 【目的】阐明抽穗期源库关系对常规粳稻花后营养器官干物质、非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）和氮、磷、钾矿质元素等转运的影响,明确促进水稻植株养分高效再利用的粒叶比。【方法】以淮稻5号和宁粳3号两个常规粳稻品种为材料进行大田试验,分别于抽穗期选择茎生绿叶6片且开花进程一致的单茎,采用剪叶疏花的方法调节源库关系,将处理后当天每穗颖花数与单茎叶面积的比值定义为粒叶比,测定抽穗至成熟期叶片、茎鞘中干物质、NSC及氮、磷、钾的含量,计算相关物质的转运率,并分析其与粒叶比的关系。【结果】与对照（L₀S₀）相比,剪叶处理（L_1/2S₀）通过提高粒叶比,显著降低了结实率和千粒重,其中淮稻5号分别降低了8.6%-10.5％和19.0%-8.0%,宁粳3号分别降低了9.7%-20.4%和5.7%-12.6%;而疏花处理通过降低粒叶比,显著提高了结实率和千粒重,其中淮稻5号平均提高了3.4%-6.7%和1.2%-18.7%,宁粳3号平均提高了2.0%-4.3%和6.9%-17.3%,同一品种不同疏花处理之间的结实率和千粒重无显著的差异,但年份之间的表现并不一致,2014年水稻季的气候条件更有利于籽粒灌浆充实,其结实率和千粒重及提高幅度普遍高于2013年。剪叶处理显著提高了常规粳稻抽穗至成熟期叶片和茎鞘中干物质、NSC及氮、磷、钾等矿质元素的转运率,两品种间差异较小,不同年份间未表现出实质性的差异;而疏花处理则显著降低了抽穗至成熟期叶片和茎鞘中干物质、NSC及氮、磷、钾等的转运率,且疏花越多降低幅度越大,不同品种和不同年份间未表现出实质性的差异,但叶片和茎鞘干物质、NSC转运对疏花的响应存在根本性区别,随着疏花增多,叶片中干物质和NSC转运率下降,而茎鞘中干物质和NSC转运在表观上出现滞留不外运的现象。进一步分析叶片和茎鞘中干物质、NSC及氮、磷、钾的转运率（y）与抽穗期粒叶比（x）的关系,发现上述指标间均存在y=（a+bx）/x曲线相关关系,在粒叶比较小时,叶片和茎鞘中各种物质的转运率均随粒叶比增大而急剧提高,当粒叶比增大至一定程度后,各种物质的转运率均趋近于潜在最大值,不再随粒叶比的增大而显著提高,不同物质潜在最大转运率虽然不同,但都在粒叶比1.5左右接近这一极限值,且淮稻5号和宁粳3号两个品种之间也未出现明显分异。【结论】相对较高的粒叶比有利于促进常规粳稻花后营养器官干物质和非结构性碳水化合物及氮、磷、钾等的转运,粒叶比与常规粳稻花后营养器官干物质、非结构性碳水化合物、氮、磷、钾等的转运率存在着密切的曲线相关关系,并在粒叶比1.5左右达到近似最大转运率,抽穗期粒叶比1.5左右可作为常规粳稻氮、磷、钾矿质养分高效再利用的品种选育与栽培调控指标。     

森林防火隔离带技术的变革与优势

以消减可燃物的方式预防和阻隔森林火灾是林火管理工作的核心。传统阻隔技术向遮荫型防隔火技术的演变已成为近10余年西方多林国家林火管理工作的重要走向。从林火的特点和蔓延基本规律出发, 遮荫型防火隔离带技术通过局部消减可燃物载量和规则化可燃物分布, 显著降低其可能形成的林火强度, 使大多数火灾自行熄灭。该项技术的实施不受区域和气候条件限制; 与传统全光式防火隔离带和生物防火林带相比, 不但工作量较小, 对林分植被和生态环境的干扰也较小。该项技术实现了偶发性林火的防控、森林健康及生态维护的有机结合, 以此替代传统防火隔离带技术效益显著。针对遮荫型防隔火技术的进一步研究工作应包括不同稀化程度林带潜在火行为和其防隔火效能的量化评估、林地局部可燃物稀化的高效作业机具以及伴随该项技术实施产生的大量生物质副产品的有效利用问题。     

甜菜红色素提取工艺研究进展

甜菜红色素是一种水溶性的色素,广泛的存在于以红甜菜为主的石竹目中,甜菜红色素在食品以及制药等方面具有很好的应用前景,因此建立一种快速、高效以及环保的甜菜红色素提取工艺尤为重要。笔者分别介绍了传统提取甜菜红色素的方法以及最新提取工艺研究进展,并指出传统方法由于需要加热以及加入有机溶剂,容易造成甜菜红色素降解、溶剂污染以及产量低等问题。而以γ射线、高压脉冲电场、超声波辅助萃取技术、超临界萃取技术以及膜处理技术为代表的最新提取技术,可以在非热情况下达到提取色素的目的,并且具有环境友好、安全、一致性好以及回收率高等特点。并指出未来的发展不管使用哪种新技术,都需要对提取的每一步细化,制定提取标准。     

番茄斑萎病毒4种检测方法比较

本研究根据番茄斑萎病毒(TSWV)S RNA上的核衣壳蛋白(N)基因保守序列设计特异性引物,比较了4种检测方法的灵敏度。结果表明,特异性引物可扩增出397bp的片段,序列和已发表的TSWV核苷酸序列同源性高达99%,可用于常规PCR和荧光定量RT-PCR(qRT-PCR)检测。qRT-PCR的灵敏度比快速检测试纸条、双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(DAS-ELISA)和常规PCR分别高出15 625倍、3 125倍和125倍,且能够准确定量;常规PCR灵敏度较高,但不能准确定量;DAS-ELISA方法适用于批量定性测定,但检测时间较长;试纸条法检测速度最快,但灵敏度最低,使用时可根据症状程度和试验条件选择适宜的检测方法。     

山东省羊常用粗饲料营养价值评定

试验旨在综合评价从山东省17个市采集的羊常用粗饲料原料的营养价值。试验测定了109个样本10种常用原料的常规营养成分及总能(GE),应用两级离体消化法测定干物质消化率(IVDMD),以计算消化能(DE)和代谢能(ME),并根据预测干物质随意采食量(DMI),进而计算出分级指数(GI)。结果表明,不同粗饲料间的常规养分的差异不能准确地评价饲料营养价值;以NDF、ADF所得GI综合评价粗饲料中营养价值得到苜蓿>冬牧70>地瓜秧>羊草>花生秧>青贮玉米秸>玉米秸>水稻秸>豆秸>麦秸;IVDMD与NDF、ADF均呈显著负相关,而与CP呈显著正相关;DE与NDF、ADF相关性较强,且均呈负相关。