饱和铵贮库施肥法对芹菜氮素吸收、产量和品质的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了饱和铵贮库施肥法(NDSA—Nitrogen.depot.with.saturated.ammonium)对芹菜(Apium.graveolens.L.)氮素吸收、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥法相比,NDSA施肥法或添加DCD(双氰胺)增加芹菜产量的效果并不明显,但两者配施(NDSA2-S处理)则可显著提高芹菜产量。常规施肥法(NDSA1-M)的氮肥表观利用率只有35.5%,NDSA施肥法和添加DCD均可显著增加芹菜对氮素的吸收,提高氮肥表观利用率;两者配施氮肥表观利用率可高达63%。NDSA施肥法可大幅降低芹菜的硝酸盐含量,而添加DCD的效果并不明显。施氮可明显增加芹菜的Vc含量,其中以NDSA施肥法配施DCD效果最好。芹菜叶片Vc含量很高,相当于茎中的10倍。施氮和NDSA施肥法对芹菜可溶性糖影响不大,但添加DCD可明显增加芹菜的可溶性糖含量。     

孤山川流域已有水土保持措施蓄水减沙效益计算成果分析

针对已有水土保持措施蓄水减沙效益计算成果存在同一流域同一时段差异较大的问题,以孤山川流域为例,介绍了已有水土保持措施蓄水减沙效益计算成果,在分析比较的基础上,认为其结果差异较大的原因是所采用的水土保持措施量和蓄水减沙指标不同引起的。为了解决差异,提高计算精度,今后要加强对基本资料、基本规律的研究,特别要加强对径流小区、小流域水土流失规律和水土保持效益的研究等。     

北方旱区免耕对农田生态系统固碳与碳平衡的影响

农田系统对大气CO2库呈碳汇还是碳源效应取决于土壤有机碳的固定和温室气体释放之间的平衡,而耕作措施会改变土壤有机碳含量和储量,影响农田系统的碳循环与碳平衡。该研究以北方旱区山西临汾20 a长期保护性耕作定位试验为基础,田间原位测定土壤呼吸和土壤有机碳含量,确定各类农业投入碳排放参数,利用碳足迹方法综合分析不同耕作措施(传统耕作CT和免耕NT)下农田生态系统碳平衡。结果表明:在化肥、机械等农业投入产生的间接碳排放量方面,化肥投入碳排放量约占系统农业总投入碳排放量的73.5%~77.4%,是农业投入中主要的碳源。由于免耕减少了翻耕、旋耕和秸秆移除3道程序,NT比CT少排放约5.1%,NT产量显著提高28.9%,且碳生产力大于CT。0~60 cm土壤有机碳储量NT(50.86 Mg/hm2)比CT(46.00 Mg/hm2)高10.5%。与CT相比,在小麦休闲期和生育期NT土壤呼吸CO2释放总量高于CT。但根据农田系统碳平衡公式分析得出,NT更有利于农田生态系统固碳,呈碳汇效应,而CT表现为碳源。因此,长期免耕耕作能够提高农田土壤固碳量,减少大气温室气体排放,对于改善北方旱区土壤碳库和减排效果是一个良好的选择。     

湿冷系统运行特性及其在果蔬预冷保鲜中的应用研究

提出湿冷系统所具有的“三循环”特征，分析了该系统中气液传热传质机理，通过对物料的适应性试验，对系统的运行特性进行了检测，说明湿冷系统的优点在于：蒸发器不用除霜，提高了制冷压缩机的运行效率，冷库具备较为稳定的高湿低温环境，比普通机械冷库更适合于果蔬的预冷和储藏保鲜     

德州驴不同部位肌肉组织的常规营养成分、氨基酸和矿物质元素含量的比较

试验研究德州驴不同部位肌肉组织中常规营养成分、氨基酸(AA)和矿物质元素含量的变化。选取年龄、体重相近的健康德州驴32头采用单因素完全随机试验设计。结果显示,粗蛋白的含量以臂三头肌最高,臀肌最低。粗脂肪含量呈相反变化规律,臀肌脂肪沉积较好,嫩度更佳。臂三头肌中的多数单一AA以及必需氨基酸(EAA)、非必需氨基酸(NEAA)、总氨基酸(TAA)、支链氨基酸和功能性氨基酸含量均较高,背最长肌次之,股二头肌较少。背最长肌与臀肌AA的平衡性AA较好,具有较高的EAA/NEAA、EAA/TAA,蛋白质营养价值较高。从鲜味方面来看,臂三头肌的甘氨酸(GLy)、精氨酸(Arg)、丙氨酸(Ala)、谷氨酸(Glu)及呈味氨基酸的含量最高、口感更好、鲜味更佳。矿物质含量测定中,不同部位肌肉中大多数矿物元素没有差异,Cu元素和Zn元素的含量由高到低依次为:臂三头肌>股二头肌>背最长肌和臀肌,且差异显著(P<0.05)。     

利用薄膜扩散梯度技术研究不同土壤性质影响下镉对黑麦草的生物有效性

A generally accepted method for predicting the bioavailability and transfer of cadmium (Cd) from soil to plants has not yet been established. In this study, the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) and conventional extraction methods for metal fractions were used to investigate how effective these methods were at predicting Cd bioavailability to ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and to assess whether these holistic variables were independent of the soil property variables. The influences of soil properties on the predictive capabilities of the different methods were evaluated using multivariate statistics. The Cd concentrations in the shoots and roots of ryegrass correlated more closely with the effective Cd concentration measured by DGT (C_E), compared with those with soil total Cd, pore water Cd, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na₂EDTA)- and acetic acid (HOAc)-extractable Cd. When soil properties were included in a stepwise multiple linear regression, Cd transfer to L. perenne was negatively influenced by pH and positively influenced by organic matter (OM). The multivariate statistics showed that the adjusted correlation coefficients for the plots involving soil total Cd, pore water Cd, and Na₂EDTA- and HOAc-extractable Cd had been significantly improved after considering the influences of soil properties, which suggested that these methods were pH and OM dependent. For C_E, the relationship was pH independent or only dependent in strongly acidic soils. These results suggested that the main soil factors affecting bioavailability had the lowest impact on the DGT technique. Therefore, the DGT technique provided significant advantages over conventional methods when assessing Cd bioavailability.     

传统耕作和免耕的红壤生态系统土壤动物种群的分异

In a field experiment ,the popultions of major soil fauna groups including earthworms,enchytraeids,arthropods and nematodes were examined in conventional tillage(CT) and no-tillage(NT) red soil ecosystems to evaluate their responses to tillage disturbance.Earthworms,macro- and micro-arthropods were stimulated under NT with earthworms showing the highest population increase by four times ,while enchytraeids and nematodes favored CT system predicting certain adaptability of these animals to plow-disturbed soil envi-ronment ,On the basis of relative response index it was found that soil fauna was more sensitive to tillage than soil resource base(C and N pools) and microflora.The population structure of soil fauna was also affected by tillage treatments.Analysis on nematode trophic groups showed that bacteria-feeding and plant parasitic nematodes were more abundant in CT soil whereas the proportions of fungivores and onmivore-predators increased in NT soil.Possible reasons for the differentiaion in both size and structure of the fauna populaion were discussed and the ecological significance involved in these changes was emphasized.     

Effect of different drying methods on liquid penetration of Chinese fir plantation wood

Chinese fir plantation sapwood and heartwood boards were treated by three drying methods: radio frequency-vacuum drying (RFVD), conventional kiln drying (KD) and high temperature drying (HTD). The maximum amount of dyeing solution uptake by the capillary rising method was used to evaluate the liquid penetration of the treated wood. The pit aspiration ratio was determined by a semithin section method. Changes in wood microstructure were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The results show that liquid penetration of Chinese fir sapwood after RFVD is significantly higher than that after KD and HTD. Liquid penetration of Chinese fir heartwood after RFVD is higher than that after HTD. Liquid penetration of Chinese fir sapwood is significantly higher than that of heartwood after three drying treatments. Low pit aspiration ratio and cracks of some bordered pits are the main reasons for the increase in liquid penetration after RFVD treatment. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(10): 85–90 [译自: 林业科学]     

微气象条件对蔬菜保鲜效果的影响

通过对菜秧在不同温度、湿度、光照等几个微气象因子条件下保鲜效果的研究,定量分析了微气象条件对蔬菜保鲜效果的影响,筛选出蔬菜保鲜的最佳微气象因子配置方案。试验结果表明:蔬菜在低温、高湿、避光的环境中可以延缓衰老腐烂、延长保鲜期,并可以减少病虫的危害。