超级稻新品种楚粳37号的选育及应用

楚粳37号是云南楚雄州农科所育成的云南省第3个高原超级稻新品种。2014年通过云南省农作物品种审定委员会审定,2017年获国家植物新品种权,2017年3月6日被农业部确认为超级稻品种,具有高产、优质、抗病、适应性广等突出特点,适宜在云南省海拔1 500～1 850 m稻区种植。本文总结了其选育技术、农艺特性和栽培技术要点。     

转基因油菜RT73品系特异性检测标准分子协同实验验证

对构建的适于转基因油菜RT73品系特异性检测标准分子pEASY-RT73在普通PCR和实时荧光PCR检测中的适用性进行了实验室间协同实验验证。对8家实验室结果的统计分析表明,标准分子pEASY-RT73对转基因油菜RT73品系特异性检测及油菜内源基因HMG和PEP检测具有高特异性。在普通PCR扩增中,标准分子对PEP和RT73品系特异性序列的检测下限均为20拷贝,对HMG基因的检测下限为50拷贝;在实时荧光PCR扩增中,HMG和RT73品系特异性序列的检测下限均为10拷贝,PEP检测下限为50拷贝。虽然各实验室所用仪器和试剂有较大差异,但对检测结果影响不大。因此,标准分子pEASY-RT73可稳定的作为新型标准物质用于转基因油菜RT73品系特异性普通PCR和实时荧光PCR检测。     

伽师瓜采后生理、贮期病害及贮藏保鲜技术

【目的】研究伽师瓜采后生理和贮期病害,探讨贮藏保鲜技术。【方法】以新疆伽师瓜为试材,研究采后呼吸类型和贮期主要病害,探讨贮藏温度、pH、噻苯咪唑(TBZ)熏蒸、壳聚糖涂膜对伽师瓜贮期品质和主要病害黑斑病的影响,测定TBZ和壳聚糖处理后伽师瓜多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、果胶酶(PE)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性变化。【结果】伽师瓜为呼吸跃变型果实,贮期病害黑斑病病原菌为丛梗孢科(Moniliaceae)青霉属(Penicillium LK,ex Fries)鲜绿青霉(P.viridicatum Westling),TBZ熏蒸和壳聚糖涂膜对PPO、POD、PE酶活性和病原菌抑制作用显著。伽师瓜采后先用TBZ熏蒸,再用pH5.0、浓度为5mg·mL-1的壳聚糖溶液涂膜,在0.5-1.5℃的温度下贮藏105d,腐烂指数0.15,商品果率95%。【结论】TBZ和壳聚糖是伽师瓜良好的保鲜剂,结合适宜的pH和贮藏温度保鲜效果理想。     

油茶良种选育研究进展

油茶是我国重要的木本油料植物,其良种选育历史悠久,且与产量和经济效益密切相关。本文对油茶常规育种、新技术育种等研究成果进行了分析。     

Weed–crop competition relationships differ between organic and conventional cropping systems

Experiments comparing conventional and organic systems often report similar yields despite substantially higher weed abundance in the organic systems. A potential explanation for this observation is that weed–crop competition relationships differ between the two types of systems. We analysed weed and crop yield data from the Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial (FST), which provides a unique 27-year dataset of a conventional (CNV) and two organic [manure (MNR) and legume (LEG)] soyabean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and maize ( Zea mays L.) cropping systems. Average soyabean yields were similar between the MNR and CNV systems and only slightly reduced in the LEG system, whereas average maize yields did not differ among systems despite the two organic systems having more than four and six times greater weed biomass in soyabean and maize respectively. Plot-level weed biomass–crop yield relationships indicated that weed–crop competition differed between the two organic and CNV systems in maize, and was strongest in the CNV system, intermediate in the LEG system and weakest in the MNR system. These results suggest that organic cropping systems may be able to tolerate a greater abundance of weeds compared to conventional systems and that fertility management within organic systems may influence weed–crop competition.     

抗除草剂转基因水稻基因漂移至常规栽培稻的频率研究初报

以抗除草剂草铵膦转基因bar水稻99-1作为花粉供体,四周种植常规栽培稻为花粉受体,观察抗性基因漂移频率。在距离转基因水稻2m以内,基因漂移频率为0.0193%～0.3960%,均在1%以下,但转bar基因抗除草剂水稻基因漂移至不同品种上的频率存在明显差异。     

美国进境樱桃果实中梨火疫病菌的检测

为了筛选快速、灵敏的梨火疫病菌检测方法,利用常规PCR、套式PCR和实时荧光PCR方法分别对美国进境的326批樱桃果实中梨火疫病菌进行检测。结果显示,3种PCR方法的检出率不同,不同引物或探针的检出率也存在差异。在常规PCR中,引物Ams3/Ams4c、P29A/P29B和PEANT1/PEANT2的检出率分别为35.28%、24.85%和16.87%;单管套式PCR和套式PCR的检出率分别为23.01%和50.61%;4种实时荧光PCR的检出率分别为17.48%(探针PA)、32.21%(探针Ams)、29.14%(探针ITS)和23.93%(SYBR GreenⅠ)。在所有试验方法中由引物P29A/P29B和PEANT1/PEANT2组成的套式PCR的检出率最高。检测结果证实了进境樱桃果实中存在梨火疫病菌DNA,套式PCR和常规PCR(引物Ams3/4c)可用于进境樱桃样品中梨火疫病菌的常规检测。     

浅谈禽病的常规诊断方法

随着畜牧业的快速发展,我国养禽业的规模得到了前所未有的增长,此时禽病也大量出现,笔者根据多年禽病临床诊疗经验,就禽病的一些常规诊断方法展开论述。其中以病理剖检诊断为主,辅以饲养管理调查、流行病学调查、临床症状检查以及必要的实验室检查,旨在减少禽病的发生,保障畜牧业的发展,促进人类健康。     

普通尿素与控释尿素单施及其配施对直播油菜产量和氮肥利用率的影响

为探明控释氮肥在直播油菜上的应用效果和施用技术,研究成都平原冲积性水稻土上普通尿素与控释尿素单施及其配施对油菜产量和氮肥利用率的影响。2011—2012年,在相同施氮量(N 189 kg/hm~2)条件下,设置普通尿素单施(PU)、控释尿素单施(CU)、普通尿素与控释尿素各50%配合施用(PCU)3个处理。2012—2013年,在相同施氮量(N 180 kg/hm~2)条件下,按普通尿素与控释尿素配施比例33%、50%、67%(PCU33、PCU50、PCU67)和一次性基施氮肥(T1)、基肥+1次苗期追肥分次施氮(T2)设置6个处理(PCU33T1,PCU33T2,PCU50T1,PCU50T2,PCU67T1,PCU67T2)。结果显示:同等施氮量(N 189 kg/hm~2)下,与普通尿素单施处理(PU)相比,普通尿素与控释尿素配施处理(PCU)具有相对较高的籽粒产量(3 166.9 kg/hm~2)、氮肥农学利用率(8.0 kg/kg)、氮肥偏生产力(16.8kg/kg)、氮肥贡献率(47.9%)和氮肥表观利用率(54.5%)。在相同施氮量(N 180 kg/hm~2)和普通尿素、控释尿素配施条件下,PCU33、PCU50处理的籽粒产量(162 9.0、182 0.1 kg/hm~2)和氮肥利用率均显著或明显高于PCU67处理的。结果表明,本试验条件下,普通尿素与控释尿素配施比例为33%~50%,并采用氮肥一次性基施有利于直播油菜高产、高效。     

Effect of housing environment on laying hen meat quality: Assessing Pectoralis major pH,colour and tenderness in three strains of 80–81 week-old layers housed in conventional and furnished cages

1. Meat quality is affected by factors such as stress, genetic strain and activity and is determined in part by measures of pH, colour and tenderness. In conventional laying hen cages (CC), lack of physical space and inability to perform highly motivated behaviours leads to stress and inactivity. Furnished cages (FCs) permit expression of highly motivated behaviours, but typically house larger group sizes than CC, thereby contributing to social stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of CC and FC laying hen housing environments and strain differences on meat quality of 80–81-week-old birds.

2. Pectoralis major meat quality was assessed for two flocks of Shaver White (SH), Lohmann Lite (LL) and Lohmann Brown (LB) hens housed in either 5-hen CC or 40-hen FC. Between 80 and 81 weeks, muscle samples were collected from randomly selected hens and analysed for muscle pH, colour and shear force (SF) using established methods.

3. In both flocks, the combined treatment body weights (BWs) were higher for CC than FC hens and the combined strain BWs were higher for LB than LL and SH hens. Flock 1 LB had lower initial and ultimate pH than SH and LL, and greater pH decline than SH. Muscle redness (a*) was higher for CC SH than FC SH in both flocks. Muscle a* was higher for LL than SH and LB in Flock 1, and higher than SH in Flock 2. Housing differences in muscle SF were absent. In CC, SF was higher for SH than LL and LB in Flock 1, and higher than LB in Flock 2.

4. Lack of housing differences suggests that environmental stressors present in both housing systems similarly affected meat quality. Strain differences for muscle pH, a* and SF indicate increased stress experienced by SH and LL hens. The absence of Flock 2 strain differences is consistent with the cannibalism outbreak that occurred in this flock and most severely impacted LB hens.