Study of Dynamics of Floodwater Nitrogen and Regulation of Its Runoff Loss in Paddy Field-Based Two-Cropping Rice with Urea and Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Application

The article deals with the effects of urea and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer （CRNF） on dynamics of pH, electronic conductivity （EC）, total nitrogen （TN）, NH4^＋-N and NO3 -N in floodwater, and the regulation of runoff TN loss from paddy field-based two-cropping rice in Dongting Lake, China, and probes the best fertilization management for controlling N loss. Studies were conducted through modeling alluvial sandy loamy paddy soil （ASP） and purple calcareous clayey paddy soil （PCP） using lysimeter, following the sequence of the soil profiles identified by investigating soil profile. After application of urea in paddy field-based two-cropping rice, TN and NHa＋-N concentrations in floodwater reached peak on the 1st and the 3rd day, respectively, and then decreased rapidly over time; all the floodwater NO3--N concentrations were very low; the pH of floodwater gradually rose in case of early rice within 15 d （late rice within 3 d） after application of urea, and EC remained consistent with the dynamics of NH4^＋-N. The applied CRNF, especially 70% CRNF, led to significantly lower floodwater TN and NH4^＋ concentrations, pH, and EC values compared with urea within 15 d after application. The monitoring result for N loss due to natural rainfall runoff indicated that the amount of TN lost in runoff from paddy field- based two-cropping rice with urea application in Dongting Lake area was 7.47 kg ha^-1, which accounted for 2.49% of urea- N applied, and that with CRNF and 70% CRNF application decreased 24.5 and 27.2% compared with urea application, respectively. The two runoff events, which occurred within 20 d after application, contributed significantly to TN loss from paddy field. TN loss due to the two runoffs in urea, CRNF, and 70% CRNF treatments accounted for 72, 70, and 58% of the total TN loss due to runoff over the whole rice growth season, respectively. And the TN loss in these two CRNF treatments due to the first run-off event at the 10th day after application to early rice decreased 44.9 and 44.2% compared with urea, respectively. In conclusion, the 15-d period after application of urea was the critical time during which N loss occurred due to high floodwater N concentrations. But CRNF decreased N concentrations greatly in floodwater and runoff water during this period. As a result, it obviously reduced TN loss in runoff over the whole rice growth season.     

镉在土壤中释放的动力学特征研究

采用间歇法研究了镉在不同土壤中释放的动力学特征。结果表明 ,酸性土壤镉释放速率大于石灰性土壤 ;随温度升高 ,石灰性土壤镉平均释放速率下降 ,而酸性土壤镉平均释放速率增加 ;不同温度下土壤镉释放速率 V与时间 t最优模型为 ln V=A+ Bt;不同土壤镉释放量 S与时间 t的较优模型为 ln S=A+ k/ t     

缓/控释肥的研究应用现状

就国内外缓/控释肥料应用效果、施用方法做了综述。重点总结了缓/控释肥在作物上的应用效果和对土壤、环境的影响。与普通肥料相比,施用缓/控释肥料可以提高肥料利用率、提高作物产量、改善品质、改善土壤物理性状、提高土壤养分有效性、促进作物生长、减少环境污染。     

HA复合肥的养分释放运移特点与土壤培肥效应研究

采用盆栽试验与室内土柱模拟试验方法，研究了腐植酸复合肥中的养分在土体中的释放运移特点以及对土壤的培肥效应，盆栽试验结果表明，与等养分无机肥相比，施用腐植酸复合肥不仅可提高辣椒产量，而且辣椒收获后土壤中的养分含量均有所提高，尤以对土壤中速0效磷含量的影响最为显著；土柱模拟试验结果表明，自制腐植酸复合肥处理各土层中的氮素含量均低于等养分无机肥以及山东产腐植酸复混肥处理。在相同时间内，氮素释放总量比二者分别降低58.34%和48.78%，0-10cm土层中的磷素含量以山东产腐植酸复混肥处理为最高，而在10-30cm土层中则以自制腐植酸复合肥处理最高，30-60cm土层中，各处理之间差异不显著。     

埋植抗原缓释剂ARD后牛乳特异性抗体效价评价

对奶牛埋植抗原缓释剂ARD(antigen release devise)生产免疫乳的高效性进行评价,随机选择40头成年健康荷斯坦奶牛,试验组20头奶牛于右侧髋内淋巴结处埋植3种释放时间不同的ARD,分别在埋植当天、14 d和28 d释放抗原,通过ELISA检测血清和乳清中特异性抗体的效价及消长规律。研究表明:埋植ARD免疫后,奶牛血清中特异性抗体滴定效价均明显升高,ELISA滴定效价平均为2×106。埋植后9 d便可检测到乳清中特异性抗体,其应答规律与3种ARD的释放一致,ELISA滴定效价平均可以达到4.1×104,可以达到2~3 d初乳的水平。试验结果说明了ARD生产免疫乳的高效性;通过比较血清和乳清中特异性抗体含量变化,发现在血清效价相同的情况下,奶牛个体对IgG的转运存在差异;ARD的缓释技术较为精确,缓释误差仅为2~3 d。     

丙硫咪唑缓释注射液对小鼠旋毛虫病的效果

试验采用１２０只小鼠，每只感染１１６条脱囊幼虫。用于治疗的９６只１１、鼠分为４×４组，分别按旋毛虫的４个不同发育阶段分别１次肌肉注射３０，５０，７５和１００ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）丙硫咪唑缓释注射剂，结果肠内脱囊期幼虫减少均为１００％；肠内成虫减少率分别为７９％，９０．３％，９４．３％和９９．２％；移行期幼虫减少率分别为８７．２２％，８９．９４％，９３．１６％和９５．２４％；成囊期幼虫减少率分别为９０．５％，９４．４８％，１００％和９４．１８％。各治疗组与对照组比较均有极显著差异。试验结果表明，按３０ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）～１００ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）剂量给小鼠１次肌肉注射丙硫咪唑缓释注射剂，对各发育阶段的旋毛虫均有显著的杀虫效果。使用该制剂具有用药量小，疗效高，给药次数少，使用安全等优点。     

矿物固铵能力对铵离子在土壤中转化过程的影响Ⅰ．不同矿物类型土壤、不同C／N和K￣（＋）的存在对铵转化过程的影响

研究着重了解ＮＨ_４－Ｎ肥施入不同矿物类型土壤后，由于不同Ｃ／Ｎ和粘土矿物组成的不同以及Ｋ￣（＋）的加入，导致ＮＨ＿４向ＮＯ＿３的转化和矿物的固定与释放所具有的不同特点。在Ｃ／Ｎ高的情况下，施入的ＮＨ＿４－Ｎ对于１：１型粘土矿物为主的酸性土壤来说，主要以ＮＨ_４的形态直接被微生物大量利用，而在以２：１型粘土矿物为主的中性土壤上，施入的ＮＨ_４先被矿物晶层大量固定，然后再释放出来被微生物所利用。当施入大量钾时，即使在Ｃ／Ｎ较高的情况下，被矿物晶层先固定的ＮＨ＿４也难以大量释放。     

Soil Phosphorus Release to the Water Bodies in the Upland Fields of Yellow Soil Areas and Impacting Factor

Soil phosphorus release to the water bodies in the upland fields of yellow soil areas and impacting factor was studied in Guizhou province. The results showed that the content of dissolved active P of surface runoff from various upland fields of yellow-soil were significantly different, which the concentrations of dissolved active P of runoff correlated with the contents of available-P, amorphous oxides of A1, and organic matter in the soils. The amount of soil phosphorus release to the water bodies affected by the level of applying P fertilizer and the process of corn growth, which with fertilizing from 150 to 900 kg P205 ha^-1 in the soil with high P level, the average contents of dissolved active P in the permeability-water of the soil increased from 0.020 mg L^-1 to 0.137 mg L^-1. The amount of soil phosphorus release to the water bodies also affected by environmental factor, which the amount of soil phosphorus release significantly increased under the conditions that temperature is 30℃-35℃, water/soil ratios is 15：1-25：1, submergence-time by water is 12-18 h and pH value of acid rains is 3.82-3.73.     

湖北省几种主要土壤的固定态铵及其固定与释放的研究

对湖北省几种主要旱地土壤用室内加氮培养与植物物料混合于砂滤管田间培养进行试验研究，结果表明，湖北省耕地土壤固定态铵含量为31.9-185.3mg/kg，占土壤全氮5.8%-23.7%。外源铵浓度为含N400mg/L，土壤对铵的固定率为33.0%-50.7%；土壤近似最大固定态铵含量与土壤原固定态铵含量大小顺序一致。植物特料分解过程中土壤固定态铵含量的变化比交换性铵含量的变化更大，在计算植物物料氮素矿化速率时应当把固定态铵含量的变化考虑进去。