Einfluss des Porenwasserdruckes auf die Zugfestigkeit von Bodenproben

Effect of pore water pressure on tensile strength Direct tensile testing with measurements of the pore water suction was used to investigate the relationship between tensile strength and suction. The tests were conducted on a till and a clayey soil, both homogenized. A closer view is focused on the relationship between material strain and the development of suction. Beyond, the factor χ of the effective stress equation for unsaturated soils by Bishop (1959), which was calculated by the data of tensile strength and corresponding matric suction is compared to the volumetric χ of the tested soil specimens. It could be shown, that the pore water pressure changes with strain. Therefore, not the initial suction of a soil is relevant for its failure but the actual one that can be measured in the failure zone at the moment of fracture. In addition the application of the volumetric χ in the effective stress equation compared to the χ derived from tensile testing leads to an 1.6 to 2.8 fold overestimation of the contribution of matric suction to soil tensile strength.     

二级洞塞泄流的消能特性分析

为了分析二级洞塞泄流的消能特性,揭示洞塞几何体形参数对洞塞泄流消能效果的影响规律,运用三维RNG k-ε紊流数学模型对洞塞泄流进行了数值模拟.建立了洞塞泄流的室内物理模型试验,利用模型试验结果对数学模型进行了验证,两者吻合较好.第1和第2级洞塞面积收缩比分别取为0.2,0.3,0.4和0.5,第1和第2级洞塞相对长度相等并分别取为0.5,1.5和3,形成144种工况.利用验证后的数学模型对上述144种工况进行计算和分析.结果表明：第1和第2级洞塞面积收缩比对消能率和消能比的影响较大,而相对长度对其影响很小.在其他几何体型参数一定的情况下,随着第2级洞塞面积收缩比的增大,第1级洞塞消能率和消能比相应增大,第2级洞塞消能率和消能比相应降低.在其他几何体型参数一定的情况下,随着第1级洞塞面积收缩比的增大,第1级洞塞消能率和消能比相应降低;第2级洞塞消能率变化不大,而消能比相应增加.当第1和第2级洞塞面积收缩比分别达到最小时,消能率达到最大.     

打结嘴的材质及疲劳寿命分析

打结器是方草捆捡拾压捆机上的关键部件,为了分析捆绳打结嘴的材质及性能,对捆绳打结嘴进行了金相组织分析,并进行了硬度试验和拉力试验.为了验证材料具体成分含量,又进行了光谱分析.通过试验发现:打结嘴的材料成分为15cr,外表面的硬度为HRC46,芯部硬度为HRC25,热处理工艺采用了调质处理和表面镀铬.为了预测打结嘴的疲劳寿命,采用局部应力应变法对打结嘴进行了分析运算.     

基于生态足迹的可持续评价指标体系的构建

【目的】鉴于生态足迹法存在的缺陷，增加新的指标以改进该方法在评价区域可持续发展中的不足，构建可持续发展定量评价的新指标体系，完善可持续发展评价法。【方法】在生态足迹法的基础上，提出了生态压力指数、生态占用指数、生态经济协调指数和可持续发展指数4个概念，且制定了相应的指标等级划分标准，形成新的指标体系。【结果】利用该评价指标体系对全球147个国家及中国部分省、市和县作了评价。【结论】该评价指标体系可运用于不同时空条件下的可持续评价。     

Measuring near‐saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils by quasi unit‐gradient percolation—1. Theory and numerical analysis

The saturated and near‐saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils, k_u, is a sensitive indicator of soil structure and a key parameter for solute transport and soil aeration. In this contribution, we present and numerically investigate a double‐disk method to determine k_u in the laboratory by steady‐state percolation at different suction steps. Tension infiltration of water takes place at the top of a soil column through a porous disk with a smaller diameter than the soil sample. This leaves part of the soil surface open and ensures a proper soil ventilation. Drainage takes place at the base through a porous disk with the full diameter of the soil column at exactly the same tension as applied to the top boundary. Since the infiltration area is less than the percolation area, the water flow diverges and the equality of steady flow rate and hydraulic conductivity, which characterizes the standard unit‐gradient experiment, is no longer valid. To develop a general relationship between observed steady flow rate and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, the experiment was simulated with the Richards‐equation solver HYDRUS 2D/3D, for twelve different soil classes. We found for tensions in the range 1 cm < 10 cm, an infiltration disk diameter of 4.5 cm diameter and a sample diameter of 8 cm diameter that the flux rate at any given tension was about 0.7 times the respective hydraulic conductivity, with an error of less than 10%.     

拉脱法测液体表面张力系数公式及其简化对实验结果影响的分析

给出了用拉脱法测量液体表面张力系数测量公式的详细推导过程并得到了液体表面张力系数的原始公式.同时对现有教材中简化公式对实验结果的影响进行了分析,得出了相关结论.     

基于沉积量和生物效果的甘蓝小菜蛾防治喷雾参数优化

为明确不同喷雾参数对农药在甘蓝叶片表面的沉积和药剂生物效果的影响,在自走式喷雾塔内模拟田间喷雾条件,采用正交试验和单因子试验评价了喷头、喷液表面张力、施液量、喷雾压力及喷雾高度5个因子的影响程度及各因子间的相互作用,并采用响应曲面法优化了喷雾参数。结果表明:相较于喷头和喷雾高度,喷液表面张力、施液量和喷雾压力极显著影响农药沉积和药剂生物效果,其中喷液表面张力的影响最大;基于后3个指标以响应曲面法建立的甘蓝叶片表面农药沉积和苏云金芽胞杆菌防治小菜蛾生物效果的回归模型经验证准确有效,相关系数分别为0.9731和0.7790,能够用于预测农药沉积量和药剂生物效果。综合考虑防治甘蓝小菜蛾喷雾作业过程中的实际情况及成本控制,设定和调节目标函数满足单位面积农药沉积量大于4.0μg/cm2,且苏云金芽胞杆菌防治小菜蛾死亡率大于80%,获得苏云金芽胞杆菌防治甘蓝小菜蛾喷雾参数的优选范围为:Silwet-408助剂浓度13.50~44.00 mg/L、喷雾压力0.2~0.6 MPa、施液量300~717.6 L/hm2。     

悬浮剂润湿分散剂选择方法研究

在已报道方法的基础上 ,研究了悬浮剂润湿分散剂不同种类和用量与其分散液表面张力和在靶体表面上的接触角及最大持留量的关系 ,结果发现 ,在一定浓度范围内 ,相互之间具有很好的相关性。表明 ,表面张力、接触角和最大持留量等参数对悬浮剂润湿分散剂的选择具有实际指导意义。     

可移动微型低速风洞的设计与试验

针对大型风洞造价昂贵,开机成本高且实验段风速稳定性较差,对低成本热敏风速传感器、集沙仪、皮托管等设备的测量、检验及标定等工作带来不便等问题,结合风洞设计原理,采用小体积多叶风机及高性能变频调速器,设计了一种能够快速准确地提供稳定风源的低成本可移动微型低速风洞,并通过增加大角度扩散段的方法提高收缩比。该风洞为圆形闭口低速风洞,总体尺寸长2.63m,入口直径60mm,实验段直径0.12m、长0.3m,稳定段直径为0.3 6 m、长0.3 6 m;采用铝箔厚0.0 6 mm的六边形蜂窝器和3层阻尼网对气流进行整流,获得相对稳定均匀的流场。实验表明:该风洞入口风速为0~38.6m/s,实验段风速0~17.6m/s,风速精度达0.2m/s;实验段内部气流均匀性和稳定性较好,中心截面处边界层厚2.26mm,沿气流方向静压梯度小,流场稳定部分占其截面积的70%以上,满足实验设计要求。     

保护地黄瓜膜下滴灌及土壤中水分运行

2009年春季在河北省进行了保护地黄瓜滴灌试验和滴灌水分在土壤中运行的观察。结果表明：土壤绝对含水量（SAWC）与土壤水分张力（SMT）存在相关性。粘壤土SAWC（22.73%时,SMT=0.104 026×SAWC-2.866 41MPa,SAWC≥22.73%时SMT=3.527 1 lgSAWC-5.175 9MPa;粘土SAWC≤17.78%时SMT=0.108 329×SAWC-2.228 37MPa,SAWC（17.78%时SMT=1.530 3 lgSAWC-2.127 5MPa。据此计算,壤粘土温室越冬黄瓜的越冬期和初瓜期土壤水分张力应为-0.31～-0.25MPa,春季结果期为-0.13～-0.07MPa,但无论那个时期均不应高于-0.58MPa。保护地滴灌滴孔滴水速度以750 mL/h为宜,滴灌对土壤营养元素分布没有不同于漫灌的影响。