奶牛全混合日粮添加过瘤胃脂肪饲养效果对比试验研究

[目的]为了研究日粮中添加过瘤胃脂肪能够有效降低奶牛产后负平衡效果.[方法]本试验选用围产期(产前3～4周)健康的奶牛48头,按照年龄、体重、胎次、体况评分、预产期相同或相近的原则,参考上胎产奶量或母亲产奶量等指标随机分为试验组和对照组,在试验组日粮中添加过瘤胃脂肪300 g/头·日,试验期145 d.[结果]表明:试验组日产奶量提高1.96 kg,产后初次配种间隔缩短8.86 d,差异极显著(P＜0.01);对奶牛体况的改善也有一定的作用,特别是对头胎牛的体况改善明显.[结论]在奶牛全混合日粮中添加过瘤胃脂肪可提高奶牛产奶量、繁殖性能,改善体况.     

全混合日粮裹包贮存效果及对奶牛生产和血液生化指标的影响

研究全混合日粮(TMR)裹包贮存效果及裹包TMR饲喂对泌乳末期奶牛生产性能和血液生化指标的影响。TMR饲粮水分含量调整为40%、50%和60%,利用裹包技术将新鲜制作的TMR饲粮进行裹包,分别存放0、3、7、15和30 d后进行营养物质含量和发酵指标的测定。结果表明:随着贮存时间的延长,TMR饲粮中的营养物质含量由于干物质的损失而有相应的增加,裹包TMR饲粮的pH值显著降低(P<0.05),氨态氮含量显著增加(P<0.05),且随着TMR饲粮初始水分含量增高,pH值降得越低(P<0.05),氨态氮生成量越高(P<0.05)。另外,选择24头泌乳末期荷斯坦奶牛,以常规饲喂(精粗分开)作为对照组,比较裹包TMR饲喂对奶牛生产和血液指标的影响。结果表明:裹包TMR饲喂比对照可显著提高产奶量(14.37 kg/d vs.12.38 kg/d)和产奶效率(0.84vs.0.72)(P<0.05),除血糖(P<0.05)外,其他血液生化指标与对照差异均不显著(P>0.05)。因此认为,裹包技术可以用来在规模化牛场和大型饲料厂进行TMR饲粮的裹包生产,从而实现TMR饲粮的有效贮存和运输,以达到中、小规模养牛场和个体养殖户也...     

Physical properties of pellets made from sorghum stalk, corn stover, wheat straw, and big bluestem

Densification of biomass feedstocks, such as pelleting, can increase bulk density, improve storability, reduce transportation costs, and make these materials easier to handle using existing handling and storage equipment for grains. The objectives of this research were to study (1) the physical properties of pellets made from corn stover, sorghum stalk, wheat straw, and big bluestem, (2) the effect of moisture content on bulk density, true density, and durability of the biomass pellets, and (3) the effect of hammer mill screen size and die thickness on bulk density, true density, and durability of the pellets. Biomass pelleting can significantly improve the bulk density from 47 to 60 kg/m³ for biomass grinds to 360 to 500 kg/m³ for biomass pellets. Of the four types of biomass pellets, wheat straw pellets had the highest bulk density value of 495.8 kg/m³, and sorghum stalk pellets had the lowest bulk density value of 365.2 kg/m³. An increase in moisture level resulted in a decrease in bulk density and true density of the pellets. The effect of moisture content on durability of the pellets made from corn stover, wheat straw, and big bluestem showed a similar trend; the maximum durability value was 96.8% at the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) range of 9% (d.b.) to 14% (d.b.) for corn stover and wheat straw, and 9% (d.b.) to 11% (d.b.) for big bluestem. A further increase in EMC value resulted in a decrease in pellet durability. For sorghum stalk pellets, the durability value increased initially with increased EMC and reached a maximum of 89.5% at EMC values between 14% (d.b.) and 16% (d.b.). Use of a larger hammer mill screen size (from 3.2 mm to 6.5 mm screen openings) resulted in increases of bulk density, true density, and durability of biomass pellets, but not in significant levels. Use of a thicker die size (from 31.8 mm to 44.5 mm in thickness) resulted in significant increase of bulk density, true density, and durability of biomass pellets.     

Effects of forage ensiling and ration fermentation on total mixed ration pH,ruminal fermentation and performance of growing Holstein‐Zebu cross steers

Our objective was to determine the effect of forage ensiling and ration fermentation on total mixed ration pH, ruminal fermentation and animal performance. Thirty Holstein‐Zebu cross steers were allotted to feeding treatments for 188 days in a randomized complete block design including: fresh grass‐total mixed ration (GTMR; pH 4.7), grass silage‐TMR (STMR; pH 4.0) and fermented‐TMR (FTMR; pH 3.5). Average daily gain for STMR was greatest during the first 3 months period; however, that for FTMR tended to be greater than GTMR during the second 3 months period (P < 0.10). During the second period dry matter intake for STMR was the greatest (P < 0.01), but feed conversion ratio (P < 0.01) and cost per gain (P < 0.01) were the least for FTMR. Protein digestibility tended (P < 0.10) to be greater for FTMR than STMR and fat digestibility was greater (P < 0.05) for GTMR and FTMR than STMR. FTMR had less (P < 0.01) ruminal NH₃‐N content than STMR. Total volatile fatty acids post‐feeding was greatest for GTMR (P < 0.01). Ruminal proportions of acetic and butyric acids were greater for FTMR than GTMR (P < 0.05); in contrast, propionic acid was greater for GTMR (P < 0.05). Utilizing silage or total ration fermentation did not negatively impact on ruminal pH. STMR and FTMRs can be used to maintain performance of growing crossbred Holstein steers.     

Study on Technology of Black Silkies Chicken Semen Freezing by DMA Pellet

The aim was to explore the effects of different kinds of dilution and thawing devices on the N,N-dimethylformamide (DMA) pellet frozen semen of Black Silkies. Firstly,the motility and fertility of the frozen semen thawed by different dilutions were compared;Then,the motility of the frozen semen was compared when the pellets were thawed using different tube and different number.Finally,the motility and fertility of the sperm thawed by three kinds of thawing devices (thermostat water bath,hotfunnel and hotplate ) were tested. The results showed that:①There was similar order of the sperm motility and fertility in the different dilution groups (LR > F > B > L),and there was significant difference among those groups (P < 0.05).②The motility was the best when the frozen semen was thawed with large thin-wall glass tube at 60℃.③The best temperature range of the 3 devices was different. The highest motility for thermostat water bath was 50 to 60℃ (0.51 to 0.59),and thermostat hotfunnel was 40 to 45℃ (0.42 to 0.46),while thermostat hotplate was 50 to 55℃ (0.61 to 0.63).There was no significant difference of the motility in the optimum temperature range for each device (P > 0.05).④The fertility of the different devices in their best thawing temperature was 26.91% (55℃,thermostat hotplate),23.08% (60℃, thermostat water bath), 20.93% (40℃, thermostat funnel),respectively,and there was no significant differences among those groups (P > 0.05).Therefore,the efficiency thawing condition for the Black Silkies frozen semen was the LR diluent,DMA cryoprotectant,pellet freezing,thawed in the thermostat hotplate at 54.9℃.     

蟾酥微丸的急性与亚慢性毒性研究

试验旨在观察蟾酥微丸对小鼠急性毒性和大鼠长期毒性作用,评价其安全性,为临床用药提供理论依据。急性毒性试验选取昆明小鼠,2次灌服蟾酥微丸,测定蟾酥微丸的急性毒性。亚慢性毒性试验选取120只SD大鼠,平均分为低、中、高蟾酥微丸药物组和空白组（给予等体积的蒸馏水）,灌胃给药,分别在连续给药28 d后和停药2周后称重,随机选取每组20只大鼠（停药后余下10只）心脏采血处死,检测血液学、血液生化指标并做病理组织学检查。急性毒性试验用药死亡时间集中在1~4 h,经计算LD₅₀为13.21 g/kg。亚慢性毒性试验中,连续给药28 d后,高、中剂量组雄性大鼠的体重与空白组差异极显著（P＜0.01）;高剂量组的谷草转氨酶与碱性磷酸酶与空白组相比差异极显著（P＜0.01）;高、中剂量组的肾脏系数与空白组相比差异极显著（P＜0.01）。经过2周停药恢复,高剂量组的生化指标恢复不佳,而中、低剂量组则恢复良好。病理学检查结果表明,高、中剂量组大鼠的肝脏、肾脏出现肿胀淤血,高剂量大鼠的肝脏表面有水泡样病灶。结果表明,蟾酥微丸的急性毒性较小,安全性较高;大剂量长期使用可导致肝脏、肾脏损伤,故临床应用要注意剂量和疗程。     

全混合日粮在生产实践中使用的条件与方法

全混合日粮(TMR)是现代奶牛场普遍采用的饲喂技术。本文就目前我国奶牛养殖场(户)使用TMR日粮应具备的条件及使用方法进行介绍。     

利用盆栽植物来净化室内新地板所释放甲醛的研究

今天甲醛已成为我国室内环境的主要污染物,而本研究的主要目的是利用盆栽植物来净化室内新地板所释放于空气中超标的甲醛。利用两个体积同为40 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm 的透明硬塑料密封箱来模拟室内环境,其中一个箱内分别放入两种常见的室内观赏盆栽植物（绿叶吊兰 Chlorophytum comosum 和 绿萝 Scindapsus aureus) 以及从市面上新购的复合木地板; 另一个箱只放入木地板作为空白对照箱。再利用甲醛检测仪监控两个箱内以及箱外甲醛浓度随时间的变化,从而评价该植物对新木地板所释放出甲醛的净化能力。实验结果表明,两种室内盆栽植物都有良好净化甲醛能力。它们分别在11 – 13 h 后,便能完全净化复合木地板所释放出的甲醛,净化甲醛效率是0.075 – 0.108 mg/m3.h, 而且发现绿萝比绿叶吊兰具有更好的净化甲醛效率。     

Effect of different organic amendments on lettuce fusarium wilt and on selected soilborne microorganisms

This study evaluated the effect of different organic amendments on lettuce fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae in pots under controlled conditions. Their effects on the density of the pathogen, on the total fungi and on fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were also evaluated after two subsequent lettuce crops. A significant reduction in the severity of the symptoms of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae was found after the use of Brassica carinata pellets (52–79% reduction) and compost (49–67% reduction), while Brassica green manure and cattle and chicken manure only provided partial control of fusarium wilt. However, variations in effectiveness were observed for the same treatment in repeated trials. In general, an increase was observed in Pseudomonas and a decrease in fungal populations in the growing medium, which was obtained by mixing a blonde sphagnum peat and a sandy loam soil with B. carinata pellets and compost after two consecutive cropping cycles. Prolonging the Brassica and compost treatments from 30 to 60 days did not significantly affect disease severity, plant growth or the microbial population of the total fungi or Pseudomonas. The largest lettuce biomass was obtained in the non‐inoculated growing medium amended with brassica flour, chicken manure, B. carinata pellets and compost, as a consequence of fertilization. The treatment with B. juncea green manure, B. carinata (pellets and flour) and compost applied 30 days before planting led to promising results and merits further investigation for use under field conditions.     

Recognition of Human G-protein Coupled Receptors Using Compressed Amino Acid Alphabets

G-protein coupled receptors（GPCRs） have a relatively conservative seven transmembrane helix（7tm） regions, and their N and C termini are various. In order to strengthen the features of GPCR families, N and C termini were removed in this study, then frequency features in the form of single amino acid and dipeptide compositions for recognition of human GPCRs were analyzed and extracted based on the compressed amino acid alphabets. Based on these features, classifiers were developed using support vector machine（SVM）. The ability of different compressed methods was investigated. The testing results demonstrated that the suitable choice of compressed method combined with amino acid composition information could get good performance for the recognition of human GPCRs.