Characterisation and origin of rust and powdery mildew resistance genes in VPM1 wheat

Summary The expression of rust resistances conferred by closely linked genes derived from VPM1 varied with environmental conditions and with genetic backgrounds. Under low light and low temperature conditions seedlings carrying Yr17 showed susceptible responses. Stem rust and leaf rust resistance genes Sr38 and Lr37 tended to confer more resistance at 17±2° C than at normal temperatures above > 20° C. These studies supported the hypothesis that Yr17, Lr37 and Sr38 were derived from Aegilops ventricosa, whereas Pm4b was probably derived from T. persicum. Studies on certain addition lines and parental stocks indicated that wheat cytoplasm may enhance the expression of Sr38.     

沙棘根系的生物学特性与造林地选择

沙棘有很强的根蘖能力,其根系具有类似水生植物根系的解剖特征,地上部分又有旱生植物的特征,所以沙棘应属中生植物;沙棘根系有很强的生物学可塑性,对林地的水分状况会产生明显反应;在植株个体发育早期,多在生长较慢的侧根上形成具有多种功能的根瘤。沙棘造林,应充分考虑其根系生物学特性和解剖特征,根据经营目的选择相应的造林地或采取整地措施改地适树,满足其水分要求。     

Chromosome location of the gene for brittle rachis in the Tibetan weedrace of common wheat

The brittle rachis of the Tibetan weedrace (Triticum aestivum var. tibetanum) was found to be governed by a single dominant gene on the short arm of chromosome 3D. The new brittle rachis gene was designated Br₁. This study also discovered that the type of disarticulation is governed by many genes that may differ from brittle rachis genes. In other words, the same brittle rachis gene may exhibit various types of disarticulation in various genetic backgrounds. So, after the brittle rachis gene (barrel type) in Aegilops tauschii entered hexaploid wheat through the amphidiploid path, it might exhibit the wedge type of disarticulation.     

关于水土保持与市场经济的几点思考

关于水土保持与市场经济的几点思考陈来如（安徽省安庆市水电局，２４６００３）（一）传统观念的水土资源远离市场１．水土资源的长期无偿使用，导致资源破坏、浪费严重。多年来，除政策失误外，经济活动中人们一直认为水、上等环境资源是大自然的恩赐，可以免费使用而无...     

三种由Erwiniaspp．引起的新的花卉细菌病害

１９９４年在深圳农科中心花卉大棚中的巴西铁、文心兰和火鹤植株上，发现国内外尚未报道的细菌病害；巴西铁叶枯病，文心兰心腐病和火鹤叶枯病。病原细菌的主要细菌学性状试验结果表明，巴西铁叶枯病菌为菠萝欧氏杆菌（ＥｒｗｉｎｉａａｎａｎａｓＳｅｒｒａｎｏ）的一个菌株，文心兰心腐病和火鹤叶枯病均为兰欧氏杆菌［Ｅ．ｃｙｐｒｉｐｅｄｉｉ（Ｈｏｒｉ）Ｂｅｒｇｅｙｅｔａｌ．］的菌株之一。     

Phenotypic variations of wheat cultivars from the North China Plain in response to cadmium stress and associated single nucleotide polymorphisms identified by a genome-wide association study

Understanding the genetic mechanisms for cadmium(Cd) uptake and translocation in common wheat(Triticum aestivum) is of significance in food Cd contamination control. In this study, a diverse panel of 132 wheat cultivars was collected from the North China Plain. The cultivars were evaluated in terms of their phenotypic variations in response to Cd stress and subjected to a genome-wide association study(GWAS) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) associated with the phenotypic variatio...     

控释肥配施玉米秸秆对麦季土壤酶活性及养分的影响

为了探究控释尿素掺混肥与玉米秸秆长期互作对麦季土壤酶活性和土壤养分状况的影响,基于华北平原棕壤区小麦—玉米轮作8年定位施肥试验,对比研究了玉米秸秆还田(S)与不还田条件下施用控释尿素掺混肥(CRF)与普通尿素掺混肥(BBF)对麦季土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响。结果表明:秸秆不还田条件下,CRF处理较BBF处理显著提高土壤中性磷酸酶(返青期和成熟期)、蔗糖酶(返青期和孕穗期)和纤维素酶(返青期和孕穗期)活性及成熟期有机质、硝态氮和有效磷含量,其中,成熟期中性磷酸酶活性显著提高29.6%,硝态氮含量显著提高34.8%。秸秆还田条件下,BBF+S处理成熟期脲酶、纤维素酶,孕穗期中性磷酸酶活性显著高于CRF+S处理,其他时期2种类型掺混肥土壤酶活性无显著差异。CRF+S处理成熟期土壤全氮、有机质、硝态氮和有效磷含量显著高于BBF+S处理。氮肥种类和玉米秸秆还田的交互作用对土壤中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性及土壤全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量影响显著,秸秆还田较不还田处理显著提高中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性、速效钾和有效磷含量。综上表明,玉米秸秆还田和不还田条件下控释尿素掺混肥较普通尿素掺混肥处理均能显著增加土壤有机质含量,提高小麦后期速效氮磷养分的供应强度和供应容量,其中玉米秸秆还田配施控释尿素掺混肥处理在提高土壤酶活性和土壤养分方面表现最优。研究结果可为秸秆还田下氮肥优化施用提供理论依据。     

构建财经科技文献资源“云”平台

探讨了构建财经科技文献资源"云"平台的具体措施,须订立统一的接口和标准,联合各类数据机构,才能建立广泛的信息资源数据中心,以此实现财经科技文献资源的共建共享,为今后各级各类平台项目全面整合提供有益的探索和尝试。     

利用EST-SSR评估糜子资源遗传差异

【目的】用微卫星标记分析糜子种质资源（国内外6个不同生态区）的遗传多样性水平,揭示不同来源糜子种质资源的亲缘关系和遗传结构差异,便于对糜子资源分类和优异种质的筛选利用。【方法】 用144个（高、低碱基序列重复分别为64和80个）SSR标记评估96份国内外（国内、国外分别为71和25份）糜子资源;用PowerMarker 3.25和PopGen 1.32计算遗传多样性参数,用MEGA 5.0和Structure 2.2进行遗传距离和结构聚类,用Ntsys 2.11进行主成分分析。【结果】 144个EST-SSR标记共检测出368个观测等位变异（Na）,每个位点检测到等位变异2—3个,平均为2.5556个;观测杂合度（Ho）为0.4070（RYW15）—0.9789（RYW85）,平均为0.8288;期望杂合度（He）为0.4369（RYW59）—0.6693（RYW58）,平均为0.5535;Nei's基因多样性指数（Nei）为0.4344（RYW59）—0.6653（RYW58）,平均为0.5505;多态性信息含量（PIC）为0.1811（RYW68）—0.7508（RYW58）,平均为0.4279。Shannon多样性指数（I）为0.6474—1.0956,平均为0.8415。就6个生态区材料的遗传多样性参数而言,北方春糜子区材料的PIC值和Shannon多样性指数最高,西北春夏糜子区材料最低。就不同生态区糜子种质间的遗传距离和遗传一致度而言,不同生态区糜子种质间的遗传距离为 0.0111—0.1425,遗传一致度为 0.8672—0.9889,北方春糜子区和黄土高原春夏糜子区间遗传距离最小和遗传一致度最高,西北春夏糜子区和华北夏糜子区间遗传距离最大。基于UPGMA聚类将试验材料划归3个类群（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）。类群Ⅰ主要为北方春糜子区材料;类群Ⅱ主要为国外材料;类群Ⅲ主要为北方春糜子区和黄土高原春夏糜子区材料;基于Structure聚类将糜子资源划归4个群组,红色群组,主要为北方春糜子区和黄土高原春夏糜子区材料,代表北方和黄土高原基因库;绿色群组,主要为北方春糜子区材料,代表北方基因库;蓝色群组,主要包括黄土高原春夏糜子区材料,代表黄土高原基因库;黄色群组,代表国外基因库。就各分类群的遗传多样性参数而言,群组Ⅱ的PIC值最大（0.4606）,群组Ⅳ最小（0.3539）;主成分分析将试材划归6类,与其地理来源一致。【结论】 144个SSR标记可以准确评估96份糜子资源的遗传变异,基于不同依据划分的类群与6个生态区材料的地理来源基本一致,北方春糜子区材料的遗传多样性较丰富。     

A geographical approach to identify phosphorus-efficient genotypes among landraces and wild ancestors of common bean

Cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) capable of yielding well at low levels of native or added phosphorus (P) are highly desirable in many tropical production systems. The objective of the present study was to identify geographical regions which might be sources of such genotypes. A total of 364 landraces, cultivars and wild genotypes, drawn from a broad geographic range, were divided on the basis of growth habit into four field trials, each comprising two levels of P, stressed and unstressed, on an infertile Andosol in Popayan, Colombia. The regression relationship between grain yield per plant in the presence and in the absence of stress was determined, and each genotype's deviation from this relationship was used as a measure of P-efficiency. There was highly significant variation in efficiency among genotypes in all growth habits, and in climbing beans there were consistent regional differences, superior genotypes being identified with greater frequency among those from Bolivia, West Mexico and South Mexico-West Guatemala. The latter region was promising for prostrate bush genotypes also. Wild beans in general performed relatively poorly; it appears that P-efficiency traits in P. vulgaris have been acquired during or after domestication. These results confirm that genetic differences in P-efficiency exist among common bean genotypes and suggest that these are related to geographic origin. Furthermore, the use of a representative sample of germplasm can help to identify segments of the gene bank that are especially promising as sources of desirable traits. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.