Inheritance and reliability of random amplified polymorphic DNA-markers in two consecutive generations of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers have been used in a variety of genetic studies in fisheries and aquaculture. Most population studies are performed without preliminary data demonstrating the Mendelian inheritance and reproducibility of RAPD markers. In this study, the inheritance and reproducibility of RAPD markers was examined in two consecutive generations of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Variability and segregation of RAPD markers were investigated in one F₁ progeny and three F₂ progenies. Seventy-four RAPD markers were generated by five primers using DNA extracted from the initial ornamental (koi) common carp female and wild-type colour common carp male. Fifty-five of these RAPD markers were transmitted to the F₁ progeny and the inheritance patterns were analysed. Twenty RAPD markers were fully reproducible and demonstrated dominant simple Mendelian inheritance patterns in two consecutive generations. Twenty-four RAPD markers were not reproducible in all progenies. Thirteen markers displayed inheritance ratios in the progenies that did not fit simple Mendelian inheritance patterns. Non-reproducibility of RAPD markers and distorted ratios may be caused by the absence of amplification, poor amplification or by the appearance of artefact bands. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers with poor reproducibility and non-Mendelian inheritance can lead to misinterpretations of data in population studies, resulting in errors in the estimation of genetic diversity within and between individual populations. Therefore, it is recommended to first identify the set of reproducible RAPD markers that demonstrate Mendelian inheritance before application of the RAPD technique in population studies.     

Genetic interpretations of the effects of bulk breeding on four populations of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Summary The effects of bulk breeding on yield and its components in two high-yeilding and two low-yielding bean populations when grown at crop densities are interpreted in terms of gene action and selection. There was considerable additive variation in the crosses, dominance effects were variable but tended to be negative. The results were compared with results obtained at low density by another worker with the same populations, and this showed that interpretations of gene action in hybrid vigour depend on the test environment used. The interpretations were also compared with plant breeding interpretations made on the same material (Hamblin, 1977), and it was found that a single pattern of response to natural selection, in plant breeding terms, may be explained by more than one genetic interpretation and, conversely, a single genetic interpretation may result in different patterns of response in plant breeding terms. The value of composite crosses in plant breeding are discussed and it is concluded that there is a greater chance of producing improved lines from a large number of simple crosses than from a smaller number of composite crosses.     

Identification of a novel filovirus in a common lancehead (Bothrops atrox (Linnaeus, 1758))

I performed metaviromic analysis of publicly available RNA-seq data from reptiles to understand the diversity of filoviruses (family Filoviridae). I identified a coding-complete sequence of a filovirus from the common lancehead (Bothrops atrox (Linnaeus, 1758)), tentatively named Tapajós virus (TAPV). Although the genome organization of TAPV is similar to mammalian filoviruses, our phylogenetic analysis showed that TAPV forms a cluster with a fish filovirus. However, TAPV is still distantly related to all the known filoviruses, suggesting that TAPV can be assigned as a species of a novel genus in Filoviridae. To our knowledge, this is the first report identifying a filovirus in reptiles, and thus contributes to a deeper understanding of the diversity and evolution of filoviruses.     

空肠弯曲菌共同抗原单克隆抗体的研制及其在细菌检验中的应用 Ⅱ.杂交瘤细胞株的建立及特性鉴定

应用B-淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术,建立了5株稳定分泌抗空肠弯曲菌共同抗原(CA)单克隆抗体(McAb)的杂交瘤细胞株(4A7,9D6、9C2、11A1、11D4)。在5株杂交瘤分泌的McAb中,有4株(4A7、9D6、11A1、11D4)针对CA中的耐热抗原成分,对其中4A7、9D6两株分泌的McAb进行免疫印迹分析表明,其与CA中大约为7.7×104u的蛋白移行带出现特异反应;一株(9C2)针对CA中的不耐热抗原成分。对杂交瘤细胞的核型分析表明,其染色体数在93-108之间。体外传代4个月,仍保持稳定分泌抗体的特性。这种McAb具有较强的特异性,除与幽门弯曲菌出现弱阳性反应外,与参试的其它31种非弯曲菌属的细菌均为阴性反应。对不同地区、不同来源的516株空肠弯曲菌的鉴定表明,制备的McAb与现有空肠弯曲菌均出现阳性反应,与常规鉴定法的符合率为100％。     

Characterization of acetylcholinesterase and its molecular forms in organs of five freshwater teleosts

The activity and molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) were characterized in the brain, heart, white skeletal muscle and liver of the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri), European eel (Anguilla anguilla), wels (Silurus glanis), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), belonging in four families. The brain had the highest (between 183.2±10.6 and 1361.2±189.7 mU mg^-1 protein and between 4.7±0.4 and 23.5±2.7 U g^-1 wet tissue) and the liver the lowest (between 25.3±1.9 and 126.5±22.7 mU mg^-1 protein and between 1.0±0.1 and 4.5±0.5 U g^-1 wet tissue) activity in all these fish, with the exception of the wels, where the heart contained the smallest amount of AChE (26.2±7.5 mU mg^-1 protein and 1.2±0.3 U g^-1 wet tissue). The highest tissue AChE activity was found in the carp and lowest in the sturgeon. The solubility properties and molecular forms of AChE in the four tissues were studied by extraction in high-salt medium (1.0 M NaCl) with and without the detergent Triton X-100 (0.5%, v/v). The proportions of detergent-soluble (DS) and salt-soluble (SS) forms of AChE varied considerably from one species to another, but a general tendency could be observed: the proportion of DS AChE was generally higher in the brain (between 70.4±4.1 and 82.5±1.2%) and lower in the heart (between 12.0±2.0 and 51.3±2.3%) and skeletal muscle (between 16.0±2.0 and 64.4±0.7%). Velocity sedimentation centrifugation revealed that most tissues contained the G₄ or A₄ form. Three tissues (brain, heart, and liver) of the Siberian sturgeon contained a relatively high proportion of the G1 form (between 24.3±2.4 and 28.6±4.9%), while the skeletal muscle of the wels contained only the most complex type of AChE, i.e., A₁₂. Amongst the tissues studied, the brain and liver mostly contained amphiphilic globular forms of the G₄ type, while the heart and skeletal muscle were rich in asymmetric forms (A₄ and A₁₂). It was concluded that the differences revealed in the activities of AChE and in the distribution of its molecular forms may be connected with the variation in behavioral habits (feeding and swimming patterns), and the developmental stage of the nervous system.     

Growth testing of two breeds of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (Hungarian mirror and Třeboň scaly carp), in ponds with low and high stocking density

The growth of two breeds of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., was tested in ponds under the climatic conditions of South Bohemia. T?eboň scaly carp (TR) and Hungarian mirror carp (M2) were kept in both low and high stocking densities during the second growing season and then stocked together for communal testing during the third growing season. Before the communal testing, the mean initial weights of fish from low‐ and high‐density stocks differed significantly (374.1 vs. 227.7 g for the TR breed and 766.7 vs. 317.3 g for the M2 breed respectively, P<0.01). After communal testing, mean weights of fish from low‐ and high‐density stocks gained 761.8 vs. 543.8 g for the TR breed and 1339.7 vs. 706.7 g for the M2 breed respectively. These observed weights were also significantly different (P<0.01). However, the test of corrected weight gain, i.e. gain not related to the initial weight of fish, revealed insignificant differences (P>0.01) between the weight gains after correction, i.e. the effect of different initial weights was successfully eliminated. These results seem to confirm the applicability of this method for the assessment of growth of purebred common carp under the climatic conditions of Central European fish farms.     

Ionoregulatory responses to temperature change in two species of freshwater fish

We examined the ionoregulatory responses to temperature changes in two species of freshwater fish that differ in thermal preferences; the stenothermal, cold-water rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the more eurythermal, warm-water common shiner (Notropis cornutus). We found that rainbow trout maintained constant plasma Na⁺ levels over the entire temperature regime (5–20 °C). Upon transfer from 15 °C (holding temperature) to 5 and 10 °C, rainbow trout experienced a significant drop in Na⁺ uptake (J_in ^Na), but after two weeks J_in ^Na had upregulated to warm temperature levels. Further, Na⁺ efflux (J_out ^Na) fell significantly at the colder temperatures. As a result, trout at the lowest temperatures were still in ion balance. When trout were exercised to exhaustion both O₂ consumption (MO₂) and J_out ^Na rose significantly at all temperatures, but while MO₂ continued to be dependent upon temperature, J_out ^Na was high and constant. In contrast to the trout, common shiners experienced a 20% drop in plasma Na⁺ at 5 °C. Upon exposure to cold temperatures they experienced a reduced J_in ^Na, and showed no signs of acclimation during the subsequent two weeks. Likewise J_out ^Na was constant at all temperatures. These findings raise questions regarding the degree to which fish employ homeostatic mechanisms designed to defend a set- point (i.e., steady-state) osmolarity and ionic composition.     

鲤鱼基因组同源框Hoxa3a序列同源性分析与分子进化研究

本文利用生物信息学软件分析了鲤（Cyprinus carpio）基因组中同源框基因Hoxa3a与多种鱼类及其它生物的同源性,构建了分子进化树。结果表明：鲤与斑马鱼（Danio rerio）的序列同源性最高为95%,与大西洋鲑（Salmo salar）等四种鱼类的同源性次之为84%,与米氏叶吻银鲛（Callorhinch...     

Screening of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) for resistance against temperate root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)

BACKGROUND: An important part of the production area of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Belgium is located on the sandy soils of the provinces of Antwerp and Limburg where Meloidogyne chitwoodi (Golden), M. fallax (Karssen) and M. hapla (Chitwood) are present. The host plant status of ten bean cultivars for root‐knot nematodes was determined by evaluating penetration, development and egg mass formation after inoculation with second‐stage juveniles. RESULTS: The tested cultivars were poor to good hosts for M. chitwoodi, non‐hosts or bad hosts for M. fallax and excellent hosts for M. hapla. Significantly fewer M. fallax were found in the roots, and their development was delayed. Penetration of M. hapla took place over a longer period than that of M. chitwoodi and M. fallax. The number of mature females of M. chitwoodi in cv. Polder 6 weeks after inoculation was no different from that in other cultivars, although fewer egg masses were found on this cultivar in the screening test. There was no influence of M. chitwoodi on vegetative growth of cv. Polder. CONCLUSION: The differences found in host plant status of bean cultivars stress the importance of a correct diagnosis of the Meloidogyne species in agricultural fields. Cultivar Polder showed potential as a trap crop for M. chitwoodi. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry