高密度培养基因工程菌的条件优化

高密度发酵是发酵工业的发展趋势之一。然而，随着发酵规模的扩大，诸多因素影响着基因工程菌的表达和产物形成量的高低。本文分析和介绍了宿主、营养、PH、温度、溶氧、比生长速率等条件对重组蛋白产生的影响及有关的研究进展。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and spore density across different land‐use types in a hot and arid ecosystem,Southwest China

We investigated the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization and spore density in cropped land, fallow land, and an undisturbed savanna ecosystem under hot and arid climatic conditions in a valley of southwest China. Plants surveyed in the three land‐use types showed heavy arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, indicating a high mycorrhizal dependency of plants in this environment. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the colonization of different AM structures and the spore density varied greatly among plant species both within and between different land‐use types. The AM colonization and spore density were higher in undisturbed than in fallow or cropped land. No significant correlation between AM colonization and spore density was observed when land‐use types were either considered separately or together. Cluster analysis based on the similarity in AM status with respect to both colonization and spore density showed similarities between fallow land and the undisturbed savanna. The results indicate that continuous cropping reduces AM colonization and spore density. These parameters appear to nearly fully recover when the land has been left to fallow for 4 years.     

Effect of bulk density and soil water tension on denitrification in the rhizosphere of spring wheat (Triticum vulgare

Summary Pot experiments were carried out to study the influence of bulk density (D _b), soil water tension (pF) and presence of plants (spring wheat) on denitrification in a low-humus B_t-horizon of a udalf. Pots of only 5-cm depth were found to be most suitable for the experiments when using the acetylene inhibition method. Almost homogeneous soil compaction between 1.1 and 1.6g soil cm^–3 was achieved by a Proctor tamper. Water tensions were adjusted by means of ceramic plates on which negative pressure was applied. No denitrification was detected in unplanted pots. With planted pots and increasing bulk density denitrification increased more in pots with 14-day-old plants than in pots with 7-day-old plants. With 14-day-old plants N₂O emission pot^–1 increased steadily from 2 mol at D _b 1.1 to 8 mol at D _b 1.6, when soil moisture was adjusted to pF 1.5, although root growth was impaired by higher bulk density. From an experiment with different bulk densities and water tensions it could be deduced that the air-filled porosity ultimately determined the rate of denitrification. When low water tension was applied for a longer period, water tension had an overriding effect on total denitrification. Denitrification intensity, however, i.e. the amount of N₂O g^–1 root fresh weight, was highest when low water tension was accompanied by high bulk density. The results suggest that the increase in denitrification intensity at oxygen stress is partly due to higher root exudation.     

表层土壤容重对黄土坡面养分随径流迁移的影响

农田化学物质随地表径流迁移的问题,既是农业问题,又是水环境问题。地表土壤容重是影响土壤溶质随径流迁移的重要因素之一。通过室内模拟试验,研究了降雨条件下土壤容重对黄土区坡面土壤氮、磷和钾随径流迁移过程的影响。结果表明,随着土壤容重增大,初始产流时间提早,径流系数增大,土壤流失量增多,土壤磷和钾流失量也随之增大。径流养分浓度变化对土壤容重响应程度的大小次序是：NO3ˉ-N〉PO4^3-P〉K^＋。径流养分流失率过程曲线存在“峰值点”,它是土壤容重、溶质理化特性以及土壤水文参数综合作用的结果。通过数学模拟,进一步证实了幂函数是模拟黄土区非饱和水流条件下养分流失过程的最佳模型。本研究为深入理解黄土坡面径流溶质迁移机理提供了参考。     

中亚热带檫树群落种问竞争及其种群密度调节的研究

研究中亚热带檫树群落种间竞争关系结果表明 ,平衡时檫树与其主要伴生树种光皮桦、丝栗栲重要值分别占 80 .6 4 %、12 .4 7%和 6 .89% ,呈共优状态但分布极不均匀。利用自疏模型并经改进单纯形法最优拟合求得檫树种群密度效应模型 ,且拟合结果达显著水平 ,反映出檫树种群自疏过程密度调节规律。     

种植密度对夏玉米穗位叶片解剖结构的影响

为了研究种植密度对玉米穗位叶片解剖结构的影响, 以生产上广泛种植的玉米杂交种郑单958和浚单20为材料,采用石蜡制片和超薄切片法对不同种植密度下2个玉米品种穗位叶片和叶绿体的结构进行了观察分析。结果表明, 随着种植密度的增加,2个玉米品种的叶片厚度、叶脉横截面积和叶脉木质部面积减小,上、下表皮的气孔频度减少(郑单958显著,浚单20不显著),叶肉细胞叶绿体的基粒数量减少,维管束鞘细胞叶绿体的数量减少;种植密度在75 000株 hm^-2时产量最高。相关性分析显示,叶脉木质部面积、气孔频度、叶肉细胞叶绿体的基粒数量、叶肉细胞叶绿体的基粒数量与种植密度呈显著负相关,与单穗籽干重、千粒重、穗粒数量呈显著正相关,因而成为玉米生产上的重要结构指标。     

A multispectral vision system to evaluate enzymatic browning in fresh-cut apple slices

Increased regulation of chemical fumigants has forced the almond industry to seek alternatives for postharvest control of insect pests in raw almonds. This paper reports developments of non-chemical treatment for postharvest disinfestation of almonds using radio frequency (RF) energy. A pilot-scale 27 MHz RF unit was used to evaluate effects of a RF treatment protocol on quality attributes in treated in-shell and shelled almond samples. The RF treatment protocol used 0.75 kW RF power, a forced hot air at 63 °C, back and forth movements on the conveyor at 0.56 m/min, and single mixing, which all improved the final heating uniformity. RF treatments sharply reduced the heating time from 86 and 137 min for hot air heating to only 6.4 and 8.8 min for the center of 1.5 kg in-shell and 2.4 kg shelled almond samples to reach 63 °C, respectively. Almond quality was not affected by the RF treatments because peroxide values, fatty acid and kernel color of treated almonds were better than or similar to untreated controls after 20 d at 35 °C, simulating 2 years of storage at 4 °C. RF treatments did not significantly affect the kernel moisture content of both types of almonds but reduced the moisture content in the shell. RF treatments may hold great potential to replace chemical fumigation for disinfesting almonds.     

卵圆蝽空间分布型及其应用

对卵圆蝽越冬若虫的空间分布型研究表明:越冬若虫在不同虫口密度下均呈聚集分布,分布的基本成分是个体群;聚集原因除与环境因素有关外,亦与若虫的聚集行为有关,平均每株2～3头若虫是卵圆蝽若虫聚集机制发生变化的临界值;将样本资料用Iwao的代换公式进行代换,能取得比较满意的效果。此外,根据Iwao的方法,给出了卵圆蝽越冬若虫的序贯抽样表和在不同密度下的最适抽样数。     

人工用材林最优密度控制模型

以抛物线型密度效应模型为前提，针对人工用材林生长系统的特点，用最优控制方法建模，以动态规划方法求解，导出最优密度控制模型。模型具有幂次数可变、适应性较强、疏伐间隔期可变和实际应用较方便等特点。模型在贵州马尾松人工用材林中的应用结果表明，模型计算结果符合人工用材林生长规律，并与实地试验吻合，表2参11。     

装烟密度对密集烘烤过程中烟叶主要生理指标的影响

采用河南农业大学设计的电热式温湿自控密集烤箱,对不同装烟密度和变黄温度下烟叶的淀粉酶、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(AAO)及叶绿素的动态变化作了探索性研究。结果表明:整个烘烤过程中,装烟密度为5 5～6 5kg/m3的处理烟叶淀粉酶、过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性相对较高,叶绿素含量最低