Mapping soil salinity and pH across an estuarine and alluvial plain using electromagnetic and digital elevation model data

Increasing pressures from agriculture and urbanization have resulted in drainage of many floodplains along the eastern Australian coastline, which are underlain by sulphidic sediments, to lower water tables and reduce soil salinity. This leads to oxidation of the sediments with a rapid decline in pH and an increase in salinity. Accurately mapping soil salinity and pH in coastal acid sulphate soil (CASS) landscapes is therefore important. One required map is the extent of highly acidic (i.e. pH < 4.5) areas, so that the application of alkaline amendments (e.g. lime) to neutralize the acid produced can be specifically targeted to the variation in pH. One approach is to use digital soil mapping (DSM) using ancillary information, such as an EM38, digital elevation models (DEM – elevation) and trend surface parameters (east and north). We used an EM38 in the horizontal (EM38h) and vertical (EM38v) modes together with elevation data to develop multiple linear regressions (MLR) for predicting EC_1:5 and pH. For pH, best results were achieved when the EM38 EC_a data were log‐transformed. By comparing MLR models using REML analysis, we found that using all ancillary data was optimal for mapping EC_1:5, whereas the best predictors for pH were north, log‐EM38v and elevation. Using residual maximum likelihood (REML), the final EC_1:5 and pH maps produced were consistent with previously defined soil landscape units, particularly CASS. The DSM approach used is amenable for mapping saline soils and identifying areas requiring the application of lime to manage acidic soil conditions in CASS landscape.     

Mineralization of carbon and nitrogen from fresh and anaerobically stored sheep manure in soils of different texture

A sandy loam soil was mixed with three different amounts of quartz sand and incubated with (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄ (60 g N g^-1 soil) and fresh or anaerobically stored sheep manure (60 g g^-1 soil). The mineralization-immobilization of N and the mineralization of C were studied during 84 days of incubation at 20°C. After 7 days, the amount of unlabelled inorganic N in the manure-treated soils was 6–10 g N g^-1 soil higher than in soils amended with only (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄. However, due to immobilization of labelled inorganic N, the resulting net mineralization of N from manure was insignificant or slightly negative in the three soil-sand mixtures (100% soil+0% quartz sand; 50% soil+50% quartz sand; 25% soil+75% quartz sand). After 84 days, the cumulative CO₂ evolution and the net mineralization of N from the fresh manure were highest in the soil-sand mixutre with the lowest clay content (4% clay); 28% fo the manure C and 18% of the manure N were net mineralized. There was no significant difference between the soil-sand mixtures containing 8% and 16% clay, in which 24% of the manure C and -1% to 4% of the manure N were net mineralized. The higher net mineralization of N in the soil-sand mixture with the lowest clay content was probably caused by a higher remineralization of immobilized N in this soil-sand mixture. Anaerobic storage of the manure reduced the CO₂ evolution rates from the manure C in the three soil-sand mixtures during the initial weeks of decomposition. However, there was no effect of storage on net mineralization of N at the end of the incubation period. Hence, there was no apparent relationship between net mineralization of manure N and C.     

Derivation of diagnostic indices for assessing the sulphur status of Panicum maximum var. trichoglume

Abstract

The effects of nitrogen fertilization and age of regrowth on a number of indices for assessing the sulphur status of the perennial tropical pasture grass Panicum maximum var. trichoglume (green panic) have been examined in pot experiments. A non‐rectangular hyperbola regression model has been used as an aid in deriving critical sulphur concentrations and evaluating their confidence limits. The merits and limitations of this model together with problems associated with other methods of deriving critical nutrient concentrations are discussed.

Results indicate that critical total S concentrations in whole plant tops declined markedly with age of regrowth. Critical sulphate S concentrations were more stable with age of regrowth, concentrations in excess of 0.012% being indicative of adequate sulphur for maximum plant yield. It is also suggested that plants have adequate sulphur when more than 12% of their total S content is in the sulphate form. N:S ratios may provide a useful guide for assessing sulphur status but should be treated with caution when the nitrogen supply to the plants is high.     

不同钾肥对番茄幼苗酚类物质代谢作用的影响

采用水培试验,研究不同钾肥水平（K 0、4.0、8.0、1.6 mmol/L）、钾肥品种（KNO3、K2SO4）对中杂106（ZZ106）和毛粉802（MF820）两种番茄幼苗生长、酚类物质代谢作用的影响。结果表明,两种钾肥均在倍增浓度（8.0 mmol/L）处理中的番茄叶片、根部酚类物质代谢最活跃。施用K2SO4处理植株鲜重、干重、植株钾含量均显著高于KNO3,但KNO3处理番茄苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性、总酚、类黄酮、木质素含量均高于K2SO4。中杂106的代谢酶活性及代谢产物、鲜重、干重、叶片钾含量均显著高于毛粉802,但根系钾含量显著低于毛粉802。总之,施钾有利于番茄叶片和根系PAL、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性的提高以及总酚、类黄酮和木质素的合成,供钾不足、过量均会降低代谢酶的活性以及影响酚类物质和木质素的含成。K2SO4比KNO3更能促进番茄植株生长发育,但施用KNO3的处理番茄植株酚类物质代谢能力优于K2SO4。中杂106的生长发育及酚类物质代谢能力均优于毛粉802。     

鸡蛋中粘杆菌素残留含量消除药代动力学研究简

鸡蛋中粘杆菌素残留含量消除规律研究结果表明。鸡蛋中药物浓度-时间的药动学主要参数为：鸡蛋中药物的达峰浓度（Cmax）为（242．5641±158．7074）μg／kg,达峰时间（Tmax为（10．20668±0．93777）d,零阶矩曲线下面积（AUC）（1668．298±686．8698）μg／（ks·d）,吸收半衰期（K01-HL）（2．459439±2．255054）d,消除半衰期（K10-HL）（2．387610±1．889865）d,清除率（CL）（0．130340±0．029891）L／（kg·d）。     

南昌市硫酸盐化速率结果及其影响因素的分析

我市大气主要污染是二氧化硫，硫酸盐化速度反映了二氧化硫的污染状况。本通过对南昌市硫酸盐化速率的结果及影响因素进行了分析，旨地探讨我市的硫污染和酸沉降问题。     

The influence of abiotic stress conditions on dough mixing characteristics of two hard red spring wheat cultivars

Two commercial hard red spring wheat cultivars were exposed to high and low temperatures, as well as drought stress when the main tiller kernels were at the soft dough stage. The trial was done in the greenhouse for two consecutive seasons to determine the effects of these stress conditions on protein content, SDS sedimentation and selected Mixsmart characteristics. Heat stress had the largest effect on mixing characteristics. Heat and drought stress caused a significant increase in flour protein content of both cultivars and had similar effects on mixing characteristics. The Mixsmart characteristics associated with dough strength were increased by heat and drought stress. Cold stress caused a slight increase in protein content of the cultivars, but in general caused a reduction in dough strength as measured with Mixsmart characteristics. The reaction of Mixsmart characteristics to heat and drought stress was much larger in Duzi than in Kariega, confirming that there is a large genotype effect in rheological characteristics.