Starch Properties of the Sago Palm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Metroxylon sagu</Emphasis> Rottb.) in Different Soils

We investigated the relationships between starch concentrations and activities of starch synthetic enzymes in sago palms (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) under acid sulfate and mineral soil conditions. Plants grown naturally that had reached their maturated stage were sampled. We found that the growth in acid sulfate soil is lower than that in mineral soil and that starch granules were larger and there was more amylase activity in acid sulfate soil than in mineral soil. Lower amylase activity in mineral soil could eliminate the degradation of starch, making the smaller granules suitable for storing large amounts of starch in a limited space inside cells.     

Glutathione levels in phloem sap of rice plants under sulfur deficient conditions

Glutathione which is an abundant reduced sulfur compound in plants is considered to play important roles in the transmission of the sulfur nutrient status between organs within the plant body and in the long-distance transport of reduced sulfur. We determined the concentrations of glutathione, γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-EC), sulfate in the rice phloem sap collected by the insect laser technique. Phloem sap was collected from the plants cultured in sulfur-deficient and control solutions. The concentration of glutathione in the rice phloem sap was higher than that of sulfate in both control and sulfur-deficient plants. Under sulfur-deficient condition, the concentration of glutathione in the phloem sap did not decrease, whereas the sulfate concentration decreased significantly. The pattern of changes in γ-EC concentration was similar to that of glutathione. These data indicate the presence of mechanisms for the maintenance of a constant glutathione concentration in the phloem sap in rice plants under sulfur deficiency, whereas the sulfate concentration was found to be relatively unstable.     

Effect of phosphate and sulfate fertilizers on selenium uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum)

The objective of this study was to investigate whether oxyanionic phosphate (P) and sulfate (S) fertilizer management could influence selenium (Se) uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum) in medium and high Se areas. Field studies were established at two locations for two growing seasons in central South Dakota, USA. Phosphate fertilizer was applied using three different methods (banded with seed, surface-broadcasted in the fall, or surface-broadcasted in the spring) using six different P rates. Sulfate fertilizers were broadcasted at four rates in the fall. Selenium concentration in wheat grain was significantly influenced by the interaction of P application methods and rates, but it was dependent on location. Grain Se concentration decreased in high Se availability soil when P fertilizer was applied, due to the dilution effect. Grain Se concentration and uptake was significantly decreased as S applications increased due to the competition effect, but the depression was apparent in high Se availability soil. The results from this study showed that P and S fertilizer management can influence Se level in wheat grain grown in naturally high Se areas, even though overall grain Se level was strongly associated with location variation.     

Reclamation of a Badarkhali hot spot of acid sulfate soil in relation to rice production by basic slag and aggregate size treatments under modified plain–ridge–ditch techniques

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted for the reclamation of a Badarkhali hot spot of acid sulfate soil manipulated by flash leaching followed by basic slag (BS) at 10 t ha^?1 (BS₁₀) and 20 t ha^?1 (BS₂₀) and aggregate sizes (A) of soil less than 20 mm (A₂₀) and less than 30 mm (A₃₀) treatments under two different techniques (Tech 1: pyrite layer at top, jarosite layer at middle and topsoil at the bottom of the ridge; Tech 2: topsoil at top, pyrite layer at middle and jarosite layer at the bottom of the ridge). Responses to two cultivars of rice (Pizam [local cultivar] and BR 14 [high yielding cultivar]) with the treatments were evaluated. The initial soil had a very low pH(H₂O) 4.0 and a high electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.4 m S^?1, and the pyrite content was 68 g kg^?1. The exchangeable Mg content of the soil was approximately twice that of Ca and the Al content was at a highly toxic level. The average soil data of all the treatments, except for the control plots (where no amendment was applied), after harvesting of rice increased by 1.1 units for soil pH and 17–524% for the contents of N, P, Ca and Mg, while the concentrations of Fe, Al, Na, Cl^? and SO₄ ^2– decreased by 30–94% compared with the initial soil. The maximum growth and yield of rice grains (4.4 t ha^?1) were obtained by the Pizam compared with the BR 14 (4.0 t ha^?1) in the A₂₀BS₂₀ treatment in the ridges of Tech 2. The lowest grain yields of 0.02 (BR 14) and 0.07 t ha^?1 (Pizam) were recorded for the control plots. The other treatments also resulted in significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved performance on rice production. The highest N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents in the shoots of BR 14 and Pizam rice were obtained under the A₂₀BS₂₀ treatment followed by the A₂₀BS₁₀ ≥ A₃₀BS₂₀ treatments. Application of A₂₀BS₂₀ under Tech 2 is the most appropriate reclamation option and the local Pizam is the most suitable rice for this soil.     

Optimization of Preparation and Application of Polymeric Aluminum Ferric Sulfate Coagulant by Response Surface Analysis

A new composite coagulant polymeric aluminum ferric sulfate (PAFS) was synthesized using FeSO4·7H2O and Al2(SO4)3 (industrial) by the direct oxidation method. The optimization of preparation process of PAFS was investigated using single factor and response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken central design. Parameters affecting the coagulant performance, such as reaction temperature, time, SO4 2-/Fe, NO3 -/Fe, Al/Fe, PO4 3-/Fe, and OH/Fe molar ratios were examined. The results show that when temperature, time, SO4 2-/Fe, NO3 -/Fe, Al/Fe, PO4 3-/Fe, and OH/Fe molar ratios were 84℃, 48 min, 0.38, 0.47, 0.11, 0.14, 0.03, respectively, it is the optimum conditions for synthesis. In this condition TP removal was 98.67%, and the experimental results were in good agreement with the predicted values of the model equation with 0.38% deviation. Furthermore, COD (chemical oxygen demand) and turbidity removal efficiency were 79.13% and 98.12%, respectively.     

硫酸头孢喹肟注射液在猪体内的药代动力学及生物等效性研究

为了研究硫酸头孢喹肟注射液在猪体内的药代动力学及生物等效性,将10头健康猪随机分成两组,按2 mg/kg体重肌肉注射两种硫酸头孢喹肟注射液,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中硫酸头孢喹肟的浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数,评价两制剂的生物等效性.肌肉注射两种硫酸头孢喹肟注射液后两组的消除半衰期(T1/2β)、达峰浓度(Cmax)、曲线下面积(AUC)等参数差异不显著(P＞0.05).采用双单侧t检验进行判断,受试组AUC 90％置信区间为108.2％ ～ 115.3％,在对照组均值的80％～120％范围内;Cmax90％置信区间为91.9％～115.3％,在对照组均值的70％ ～130％范围内.两种产品在猪体内具有生物等效性和类似的药代动力学,为临床给药方案的制定和临床合理用药提供了参考.     

新型无铜皮蛋生产工艺研究

[目的]选择一种合适的皮蛋加工辅料来替代会在皮蛋生产过程中产生斑点的硫酸铜。[方法]通过利用硫酸锌、硫酸亚铁代替传统皮蛋加工中的硫酸铜,并采用正交试验设计,优化皮蛋加工中的鸭蛋品质、硫酸锌、硫酸亚铁、碱浓度等因素的合适水平。[结果]试验表明,在硫酸锌浓度0.2%、蛋质B级、氢氧化钠浓度4.4%、硫酸亚铁浓度0.2%时加工的皮蛋产品品质最好。[结论]研究可提高皮蛋产品质量及食品安全性,进一步丰富皮蛋产品,优化和改进皮蛋加工工艺。     

Evaluation of the Local Analgesic Effects of a Commercial Aqueous Extract of Sarracenia purpurea and Ammonium Sulfate in the Equine Abaxial Sesamoid Block Model

Sarracenia purpurea is a carnivorous plant whose aqueous extracts have been proposed to exert analgesic effects by neurolytical action on peripheral nerves. The aim of this study was to determine the local analgesic effects of a commercially available aqueous extract solution of S. purpurea (P-Bloc, St. Joseph, Missouri) and a 1% ammonium sulfate solution, using the horse abaxial sesamoid block model. Twenty horses were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group (n = 10) was used to evaluate the effect of P-Bloc. The horses received a bilateral (medial and lateral) abaxial sesamoid block with 5 mL of P-Bloc in one random forelimb, while in the contralateral forelimb, they received either 5 mL of 2% lidocaine as a positive control (n = 5) or 5 mL of 0.9% NaCl as a negative control (n = 5). The second group (n = 10) was treated as the first but received 5 mL of 1% ammonium sulfate in NaCl (0.9% NaCl) solution instead of P-Bloc. The period of hoof withdrawal reflex latency (HWRL, in seconds) was measured using a custom-made heat projector lamp as a source of a noxious skin heating stimulus applied to the pastern. Lidocaine (2%) prolonged (P ≤ .05) the HWRL period, returning to the negative control basal values after 240 minutes. Neither the treatment with P-Bloc nor 1% ammonium sulfate modified the HWRL period. The lack of effect of these compounds in this model reinforces the results reported elsewhere and suggests a nonlocal anesthetic mechanism of action for the aqueous extract of S. purpurea in the horse.     

复方紫花地丁对鸭大肠杆菌MIC逆转效果的影响

以恩诺沙星人工诱导鸭大肠杆菌耐药菌株,原始菌株和诱导株经不同浓度的复方紫花地丁溶液处理,检测其MIC及菌体药物蓄积浓度.结果表明,经复方紫花地丁溶液处理的菌株,MIC显著降低,且与紫花地丁溶液呈浓度依赖关系.研究结果提示,一定浓度的紫花地丁溶液可以逆转鸭大肠杆菌的耐药性.     

Rice Uptake and Recovery of Nitrogen with Different Methods of Applying 15N-Labeled Chicken Manure and Ammonium Sulfate

Abstract

The effects of different methods of fertilization on rice uptake and recovery of nitrogen were studied using ¹⁵N-lablled chicken manure (CM) and ammonium sulfate (AS). The results showed that the application method of totally basal dressing of organic and inorganic fertilizers can increase the N uptake by rice from the fertilizers. The N uptake from CM was obviously higher than that from AS. The N partitioning to rice grain was also higher than other application methods. The effect on increasing yield was obviously higher than the method of application of chemical fertilizers only. This method had such benefits as increasing N use efficiency, increasing N residue in soil and reducing N loss. High rice yield can be obtained while the soil fertility can be maintained with this method. So it is an effective and practical method of fertilization technique thus can be recommended to rice growers.