Effectiveness of an elemental sulfur fertilizer in an oilseed‐cereal‐legume rotation on the Canadian prairies

Adequate sulfur (S) nutrition is critical for sustaining yields in crop rotation systems. Because of slow oxidation of elemental S (S°), research on S° fertilizers has emphasized improving the short‐term availability, while the long‐term effects of S° have been overlooked. The effectiveness of a dispersible granule S° fertilizer (SF: Sulfer95), consisting of S° particles smaller than any S° fertilizer reported in literature (< 44 μm in diameter), was compared to gypsum (CS: CaSO₄) and ammonium sulfate [AS: (NH₄)₂SO₄] in a three‐year experiment (1997—1999) on a moderately S deficient Black Chernozem soil (Typic Cryoboroll). The three S fertilizers were applied to canola (Brassica rapa L.) at 20, 40, and 80 kg S ha^‐1, supplemented with corresponding rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in the first year. The control treatment (CT) received N only. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and peas (Pisum sativum L.) were grown in the second and third years to test the availability of residual S. Although the yield of canola in SF fertilized treatments was only slightly higher than in CT, available S provided by SF produced a higher physiological S efficiency (PSE). Superior yields with residual SF were obtained in the second and third years by barley and peas at the rate of 80 kg S ha^‐1 applied in the first year, indicating that slow oxidation of SF was beneficial to the crops subsequently grown. Over three years, the total crop S uptake was 21, 4.0, and 15% higher with SF than with CT, CS, and AS, respectively.     

Sulfonate S: A major form of forest soil organic sulfur

Summary Several forests of varying elevations, soils and vegetation were studied to evaluate the relative importance of sulfonate S, amino acid S, and ester sulfate as constituents of soil organic S. Suflonate S exceeded 40% of total S in the O1 horizon of all but one site examined, and comprised at least 50% of total S in the O2 horizons of 14 out of 18 study sites examined. Sulfonate pool sizes, on a percentage basis, tended to decrease with increasing sample depth within the mineral horizons, but sulfonate S was still a major form of organic S in the C horizon. Amino-acid S pool sizes were, as a general rule, lower than those for sulfonate in the O1 and O2 horizons, and lower than those for both ester sulfate and sulfonate when mineral soil horizons were considered. In no case did amino-acid S represent>25% of total S. Amino-acid S decreased with increasing depth at all but one site examined. Ester sulfate pool sizes were generally less than those of sulfonate S and greater than those of amino-acid S. This trend was observed with the O1, O2, and A horizons, but it was not apparent with samples from the intermediate and lowest soil horizons, where ester sulfate levels exceeded those for sulfonate S in 4 out of 8 and 5 out of 14 sites, respectively, in these latter horizons. Although there were some exceptions, collectively, the data suggest that sulfonate S is a major form of organic S in forest soils, irrespective of depth.     

牛奶中微量硫氰酸钠含量的检测

为快速、简便的测定牛奶中硫氰酸,保证牛奶的质量,采用硫酸铁铵分光光度法测定牛奶中硫氰酸钠的含量。结果表明:硫氰酸钠含量在0~16.00μg/mL,服从朗伯!比耳定律,该络合物在462nm处具有最大吸光度,相关系数r=0.999 8。加标回收率在99.0%~101.8%,方法操作简单、结果准确。     

Developmental changes in structure and polypeptide profile of the androgenic gland of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Although the mechanism of sex-differentiation in crustaceans has yet to be defined, the androgenic gland (AG) is thought to be the exclusive organ that produces the androgenic hormone (AH) which induces male sexual development. This paper presents results of light and transmission electron microscopy and total protein analysis of androgenic glands from three male morphotypes (orange-claw, orange-blue-claw and blue-claw) of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Highest protein content (76 µg//AG) was found in the blue-claw morphotype as compared to the orange-blue-claw (45 µg/AG) and the orange-claw morphotype (19 µg/AG). Sodiumdodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-page) analysis of the cell free extract of the AG from the three morphotypes revealed four polypeptides (16, 18, 23 and 26 Kd) which quantitatively increase from the sexually immature orange-claw to the sexually mature blue-claw morphotype. The 16 and 18 Kd polypeptides could be the AHs.     

硫酸改性对活性炭吸附性能的影响

采用硫酸对活性炭进行改性,探讨硫酸浓度、改性温度对改性活性炭吸附性能的影响。结果表明,随着温度的升高,改性活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值呈现先升后降的趋势,而苯吸附值和苯酚吸附值总体呈不断下降趋势;随着硫酸浓度的升高,改性活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值、碘吸附值和苯吸附值呈不断下降的趋势,而苯酚吸附值呈先降后升的趋势。与未改性的活性炭相比,改性活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值均有所降低,苯酚吸附值有所升高,而苯吸附值在一定范围内有所升高。     

Global scale transport of acidifying pollutants

During the past few years several attempts have been made to use three-dimensional tracer transport models to simulate the global distribution of sulfur and nitrogen compounds from both natural and anthropogenic sources. We review these studies and show examples of estimated distributions of the total deposition of sulfur, oxidized nitrogen and ammonium as well as the pH of precipitation. The simulated patterns are compared with observations. Weaknesses in these estimates resulting from lack of knowledge of emissions, chemical transformations and removal processes are emphasized and discussed. We also show examples of how the models can be used to estimate past and future deposition patterns. In particular, we use the IPCC scenario IS92a to estimate the possible sulfur deposition around the world in the year 2050. A comparison with critical load values for sulfur deposition indicates that substantial parts of South and East Asia are at risk for acidification problems in the future.     

Influence of Admixtures on Properties of Traditional Sticky Rice-lime Mortar and Their Mechanisms

On the basis of characterization of property of traditional sticky rice-lime mortar, influence of admixtures (aluminum sulfate, gypsum, paper fiber) on properties of traditional sticky rice-lime mortar and their scientific mechanisms are discussed by means of SEM and XRD. It is indicated that paper fiber is the most effective admixture to endure freezing-thawing cycles and increase compressive strength of sticky rice-lime mortar due to disorderly distribution and water-retaining of paper fiber, and the use of aluminum sulfate reduces dry shrinkage values and improves compressive strength because of formation of ettringite in sticky rice-lime mortar. Gypsum is proved to be ineffective to modify freezing-thawing cycles of sticky rice-lime mortar. Meanwhile, compressive strength and surface hardness of sticky rice-lime mortar with gypsum decline as gypsum amounts. It is suggested that 6% aluminum sulfate or 3% paper fiber can be used as admixtures of sticky rice-lime mortar in conservation of cultural relics.     

Comparison of Synovial Fluid in Middle Carpal Joints Undergoing Needle Aspiration, Infusion with Saline, and Infusion with a Combination of N-Acetyl-d-Glucosamine, Hyaluronic Acid, and Sodium Chondroitin Sulfate

Synovial fluid white blood cell (WBC) count and total protein (TP) concentration were evaluated in the midcarpal joints of horses to not only determine the effects of needle aspiration, infusion with saline, and infusion with a combination of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, hyaluronan, and sodium chondroitin sulfate (GHCS) at two different doses to evaluate the latter for safety, but to also provide information on saline injection as a control in joints. The midcarpal joints from 24 horses were used for this study. One midcarpal joint served as an untreated control, in which only synovial fluid was aspirated, whereas the opposite joint received either 2.5 mL isotonic saline (n = 8 horses), 2.5 mL of GHCS (n = 8 horses), or 7.5 mL of GHCS (n = 8 horses). Synovial fluid WBC and TP concentration were measured on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21. Needle aspiration caused a transient increase in synovial fluid WBC and TP levels after 1 day. Instillation of fluid (2.5 mL), whether saline or GHCS, caused significantly higher WBC and TP concentrations. GHCS at a dose of 7.5 mL created an elevation in TP level for an additional 48 hours; however, after 48 hours, WBC and TP were at concentrations that were not statistically different from controls. Even though an increase in WBC and TP concentrations occurred because of intra-articular saline and GHCS administration, these results were transient demonstrating that GHCS is no different than saline on synovial fluid, WBC, and TP parameters and that as previously described short-term elevation in synovial fluid inflammatory parameters should be expected when saline is used as a control.     

阿莫西林、硫酸黏菌素混悬注射液无菌检查方法研究

目的建立阿莫西林、硫酸黏菌素混悬注射液的无菌检查方法。方法按《中国兽药典》2005年版一部附录进行试验。结果采用薄膜过滤法,每管培养基中加入不少于100万单位的青霉素酶,以1%聚山梨酯80的0.1%蛋白胨水溶液冲洗液,选择冲洗量为300mL,可消除样品对各菌株的抗菌活性。结论阿莫西林、硫酸黏菌素混悬注射液可用该方法进行无菌检查。     

时间分辨同步荧光法同时检测水中硫酸新霉素和磺胺二甲基嘧啶含量

为探究同时检测水中的硫酸新霉素(NEO)和磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SM2)的新方法,根据NEO和SM2在2-巯基乙醇的存在下可与邻苯二甲醛生成具有荧光特性的衍生物,建立时间分辨同步荧光法同时检测水中NEO和SM2的含量。通过研究不同组分的时间分辨同步荧光光谱,确定NEO与邻苯二甲醛衍生物、SM2与邻苯二甲醛衍生物的同步激发特征峰分别为335和291 nm波长处,最佳采集时间分别为1和80 min,最佳同步波长差分别为120和150 nm;采用单因素试验考察邻苯二甲醛溶液、2-巯基乙醇溶液和BR缓冲液的加入量对荧光强度的影响,确定最优的加入量:邻苯二甲醛溶液1.0 mL、2-巯基乙醇溶液0.25 mL、BR缓冲液0.025 mL;据此建立NEO浓度与荧光强度的线性关系,在0.5~14.0 mg·L^-1范围内,得到其线性方程为Y=14.73X+6.14;建立SM2浓度与荧光强度的线性关系,在0.25~9.0 mg·L^-1范围内,得到其线性方程为Y=13.86X+21.49。NEO和SM2的检出限分别为0.5和0.25 mg·L^-1,训练集决定系数(RC2)分别为0.997 5和0.966 9,水中NEO和SM2含量的真实值与预测值之间的预测集决定系数(RP2)分别为0.998 2和0.988 9,预测集均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.380 3和0.257 5 mg·L^-1,回收率分别处于101.8%~114.0%和92.3%~115.8%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为4.0%~8.4%和3.6%~6.6%。本方法线性关系良好,可实现水中NEO和SM2的同时测定。