植物对硫素的吸收、转运及利用的研究进展

本文旨在深入了解植物体对硫素的吸收方式及转运机制,归纳了近年来关于硫素对植物的重要性、植物缺硫的症状、植物对硫吸收和转运的机理,着重分析了硫酸盐的转运机制,硫酸盐进入植物体内经过活化、还原和半胱氨酸的合成过程,总结了国内外关于硫酸盐在植物体内部的变化、各种存在形式的利用机制,指出该领域仍存在的一些问题以及未来的研究侧重点,为相关研究奠定基础。     

Nutritional characteristics of the leaves of native plants growing in adverse soils of humid tropical lowlands

Acid sulfate, peat, sandy podzolic, and saline soils are widely distributed inthe lowlands of Thailand and Malaysia. The nutrient concentrations in theleaves of plants grown in these type of soils were studied with the aim ofdeveloping a nutritional strategy for adapting to such problem soils. In sagoand oil palms that were well-adapted to peat soil, the N, P, and Kconcentrations were the same in the mature leaves, while the Ca, Mg, Na,and Fe concentrations were higher in the mature leaves of the oil palm thanof the sago palm. Melastoma malabathricum and Melaleuca cajuputi plantsthat were well-adapted to low pH soils, peat, and acid sulfate soils were alsostudied. It was observed that a high amount of Al accumulated in the M.marabathricum leaves, while Al did not accumulate in M. cajuputi leaves.M. cajuputi plants accumulated large amounts of Na in their leaves or stemsregardless of the exchangeable Na concentration in the soil, while M.malabathricum that was growing in saline-affected soils excluded Na.Positive relationships between macronutrients were recognized between Pand N, between K and N, and between P and K. Al showed antagonisticrelationships with P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Na. Na also showedantagonistic relationships with P, K, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Al. Fe showed weakantagonistic relationships with Zn, Mn, Cu, and Al.     

DIFFERENTIAL TRANSLOCATION OF 59IRON IN IRON SUFFICIENT AND DEFICIENT SORGHUM PLANTS

Radioactively labeled iron (⁵⁹Fe) was used to study differential uptake in sorghum plants in the recovery stage of chlorosis. Radio-labeled ⁵⁹Fe was supplied through root feeding in nutrient solution experiment (48 hrs, pH 6.2) to non-chlorotic and chlorotic plants. Chlorotic plants were further treated with foliar spray [ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄), FeSO₄ + thiourea (TU), FeSO₄ + citric acid (CA), FeSO₄ + thioglycollic acid (TGA)] to study the uptake of radio-labeled ⁵⁹Fe through root feeding during recovery process of chlorosis. Under iron deficiency, the differential uptake of ⁵⁹Fe was markedly increased in leaves and stem of chlorotic control (-Fe) sorghum plants as compared to non-chlorotic control (+Fe) and foliar sprayed (FeSO₄, FeSO₄ + TU, FeSO₄ + CA, and FeSO₄ + TGA) plants. The lowest uptake of ⁵⁹Fe was observed in younger leaves (24.33 nmol, g^?1 fresh weight h^?1) and stem (1.98 nmol, g^?1 fresh weight h^?1) of non-chlorotic control followed by foliar sprayed plants in comparison to chlorotic control, respectively. Similarly less ⁵⁹Fe uptake was observed in the older leaves of FeSO₄ + CA sprayed (21.70 nmol, g^?1 fresh weight h^?1) plants in comparison to chlorotic control (35.60 nmol, g^?1 fresh weight h^?1). The highest differential ⁵⁹Fe uptake through nutrient medium was in the roots of plants, which were foliar sprayed with FeSO₄ along with TU. The role of iron alone and along with citric acid and thiol compounds is discussed in recovery of chlorosis.     

Effect of three vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizae species and phosphorus on reproductive and vegetative growth of three strawberry cultivars 1

A study was undertaken to evaluate the yield, fruit size, and vegetative growth of three strawberry cultivars inoculated with three vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) species at three phosphorus (P) fertility levels. Vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhiza inoculation and P fertility had no effect on inflorescence or flower number, total yield, fruit weight, or crown number. Higher levels of P did not increased total dry shoot weight, total fresh shoot, weight leaf area, total dry root weight, and leaf number in the present of VAM. However, the cultivars responded differently to VAM inoculation. Vesicular‐ arbuscular mycorrhiza inoculation in combination with P at all levels increased total dry and fresh shoot weight, leaf area, and leaf number compared to application of P alone. The results indicated that it may be possible to increase strawberry stolon production by inoculating the strawberry plants with VAM, a technique which might be useful in nurseries to produce certified strawberry plants.     

Influence of Sulfur Fertilization on Infection of Potato Tubers with Rhizoctonia solani and Streptomyces scabies

ABSTRACT

Under conditions of sulfur (S)-deficient soil, applied S fertilization had a significant repressive effect on fungal infections such as that of oilseed rape and grapes with light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) and powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), respectively. For potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) it has been shown in earlier literature that elemental sulfur fertilization increased yield of potato tubers and improved tuber quality and resistance against Streptomyces scabies; the bactericidal effect was attributed to a reduced soil pH. So far, however, no information is available about the influence of S supply on bacterial and fungal diseases in potatoes. It was the aim of the present investigation to quantify the influence of S form and dose on infections of potato tubers with Rhizoctonia solani and Streptomyces scabies as a contribution to plant nutrition strategies for healthier plants. Field experiments with potatoes were conducted in 2001 and 2002 in Poland in a split-plot design with different sulfur forms (elemental S and K₂SO₄) and rates (0, 25, and 50 kg ha^{? 1} S). The application of sulfur significantly increased tuber yield in both years of experimentation. Generally, with increasing sulfur dose a significant decrease of the infection rate with Rhizoctonia solani was found for elemental S as well as for K₂SO₄ applications. Infection rate and severity of the disease was improved only by elemental S application due to a reduction in soil pH in the case of Streptomyces scabies. Thus it can be concluded that the health-promoting effect of sulfur fertilization was related mainly to the S status of the plant in case of infections with Rhizoctonia solani, while for Streptomyces scabies no mechanisms of S-induced resistance were found. The identification of differences in the S metabolism of Rhizoctonia solani and Streptomyces scabies may therefore elucidate S-induced resistance mechanisms in plants.     

Effects of difference in fertilization treatments on nitrification activity in tea soils

Abstract

It is generally recognized that the nitrification activity in acid soils is very low. Indeed, nitrification in mineral soils has been found to be negligible at pH values below 5.0 (Dancer et al. 1973; Nyborg and Hoyt 1978). However, it was reported that autotrophic nitrification occurred in some tea soils at pH levels far below 5.0 (Walker and Wickramasinghe 1979; Hayatsu and Kosuge 1993). An acidophilic ammonia-oxidizing bacterium has been recently isolated from strongly acidic tea soils in Japan (Hayatsu 1993). On the other hand, fertilization has-been considered to be an important factor influencing nitrification in agricultural soils. For example, several studies have shown that the addition of ammoniacal fertilizer to soils can lead to the increase of the populations of Nitrosomonas (McLaren 1971; Ardakani et al. 1974). Liming of acidic soils also tends to stimulate the nitrification activity (Dancer et al. 1973; Nyborg and Hoyt 1978). Although nitrification has been studied in a wide variety of agricultural soils, there is little information available on nitrification in tea soils. The effect of fertilization on nitrification in tea soils is poorly documented.     

Evaluation of Alternative Methods of Applying Sulfur Fertilizers to Chrysanthemums

ABSTRACT

Previous research has shown that supplying adequate sulfur (S) continuously in combination with reduced amounts of nitrogen (N) will produce a quality plant. However, not all commercially available fertilizers use the same source of S, contain the same or optimal concentration of it, or contain any S at all. Additionally, nutrient incompatibility can occur if all the macronutrients are combined in one solution or one dry fertilizer. Thus, the objective of this research was to determine the effect of different methods of application and different types of S fertilizers on chrysanthemum growth. Two experiments were conducted in which three S sources (H₂SO₄, MgSO₄, and K₂SO₄) were applied in combination with three N concentrations (50, 100, and 150 mg L^?1) as fertilizer treatments. Sulfur was applied at 10 mg L^?1, either continuously—by slightly acidulating the fertilizer solution with H₂SO₄—or in one, two, or three single, discrete applications as either K₂SO₄ or MgSO₄. Leaf N concentration was greatest when 100 or 150 mg N L^?1 was applied. As expected, S applied continuously by slightly acidulating the fertilizer solution with sulfuric acid resulted in higher leaf S concentration and larger flower diameter than under any of the other treatments. Together, plants fertilized with S continuously at 10 mg S L^?1 and N at 100 mg L^?1 were the largest, had the largest flower diameter, and contained the greatest leaf N and S concentrations. Sulfur concentration in the mix was highest and N concentration lowest when S was supplied continuously. Thus, if growers need to supply S and acidulate their water, sulfuric acid would be the best choice. If there are concerns about possible S contamination in landfills or in mix recycling, either potassium or magnesium S, applied multiple times as single applications in combination with 100 or 150 mg N L^?1, may be a better choice.     

超声/K2S2O8体系降解水中左旋氧氟沙星的研究

【目的】研究超声/K₂S₂O₈体系对水中抗生素左旋氧氟沙星的降解效果。【方法】利用超声波粉碎装置,采用HPLC分析法,考察了反应条件、K₂S₂O₈添加质量浓度、溶液初始pH值、左旋氧氟沙星初始质量浓度对水中左旋氧氟沙星降解率的影响,并分析了左旋氧氟沙星降解过程中总有机碳（TOC）去除率及HPLC图谱的变化。【结果】与单独超声和K₂S₂O₈氧化相比,超声/K₂S₂O₈对水中左旋氧氟沙星具有明显的降解效果,这主要是因为体系中硫酸根自由基（SO₄^-·）的氧化作用所致。K₂S₂O₈添加质量浓度在1.0～4.0 g/L时,左旋氧氟沙星的降解率随其添加质量浓度的增大而提高;超声/K₂S₂O₈降解水中左旋氧氟沙星时,体系pH在未调节（pH=7.14）条件下效果最佳;左旋氧氟沙星初始质量浓度在10～30 mg/L时,左旋氧氟沙星的降解率随其初始质量浓度的增加先升高后降低。超声/K₂S₂O₈对左旋氧氟沙星的矿化效果也非常明显,在超声功率为195 W、pH=7.14、左旋氧氟沙星初始质量浓度为20 mg/L、K₂S₂O₈添加质量浓度为4.0 g/L条件下反应240 min时,左旋氧氟沙星TOC的去除率达到56.78%。HPLC分析发现,超声/K₂S₂O₈体系降解左旋氧氟沙星的过程中有3种中间产物生成。【结论】超声/K₂S₂O₈体系可有效降解水中的左旋氧氟沙星。     

秸秆作为硫酸盐还原体系替代C源的可行性及其影响因子

为降低硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)处理酸性废水的经济成本,以乳酸钠作对照,分析了3种秸秆浸提液替代乳酸钠作为C源的可行性,同时探究了不同C源、C源定期投加、ρ (COD)/ρ(SO42-)、初始pH和重金属浓度对硫酸盐还原体系的影响.结果 表明:3种秸秆浸提液均可作为替代C源,其中大豆秸秆浸提液作C源对硫酸盐还原的效果最好;定期投加C源、提高ρ (COD)/ρ(SO42-)对各C源体系硫酸盐还原有促进作用;降低初始pH、提高重金属浓度对硫酸盐还原有抑制作用;Mn(Ⅱ)浓度升高对各C源体系SO42-去除效果影响不大,在低浓度Cu(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)条件下,乳酸钠体系SO42-去除率高于3种秸秆体系,而在较高浓度Cu (Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)条件下,3种秸秆体系SO42-去除率高于乳酸钠体系.可利用秸秆浸提液作为低成本C源,为处理较高浓度重金属酸性废水提供经济可行的理论参考.     

淮北临涣矿区土壤硫酸盐的分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

硫酸盐是植物生长所必需的硫素,在植物代谢过程中扮演着至关重要的作用。为研究矿区土壤硫酸盐的空间分布特征和影响因素,以淮北临涣矿区土壤为研究对象,系统采集研究区34个土壤样品,利用连续提取法测试分析样品中不同形态硫含量,结合与土壤理化性质的相关性,探讨土壤硫酸盐含量分布特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明：（1）研究区土壤中总硫（TS）含量变化范围为60.70 ~ 447.90 mg·kg^-1,平均值为162.52 mg·kg^-1,其变异系数（CV）较高,表明土壤TS受外界环境影响较大。（2）土壤中无机硫主要以硫酸盐形式存在,硫酸盐含量变化范围为11.08 ~ 59.18 mg·kg^-1,平均值为25.38 mg·kg^-1。（3）土壤硫酸盐在空间分布上的特征,表现为固废堆积区>农田土壤区>对照区,土壤硫酸盐与有机质（OM）呈正相关关系,与土壤pH呈负相关关系。研究结果可为矿区土壤污染防控提供理论依据。