蒙山莴苣化感作用对4种草坪草种子萌发的影响

为了合理地控制草坪生长与管理草坪,初步研究蒙山莴苣[Mulgedium tataricum（L.）DC.]根、叶、茎的浸提液及5个不同浓度茎浸提液对校园内采的高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea Schreb.）、高羊茅千年盛世（Millennium）、一年生黑麦草（Lolium multiflorumL.）蓝天堂（Blue Heaven）、多年生黑麦草（L.perenneL.）球道（Fairway）4种草坪草的化感作用,通过对受体种子发芽率、幼苗长度、根长以及幼苗中过氧化氢酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量等指标的测定发现：蒙山莴苣浸提液对草坪草的种子萌发以及幼苗的生长均表现出抑制作用,其强度为茎〉叶〉根。总体上随着茎浸提液浓度的增大,草坪草受抑制作用有所增强。蒙山莴苣浸提液对幼苗中CAT活性影响各异,且抑制幼苗中可溶性蛋白合成,其中茎浸提液抑制作用最大。     

三种草坪草种子萌发对水分的响应

种子吸收一定量的水分后能够正常发芽,在这个过程中,种子将消耗外部环境的水分,这种改变将影响种子对水分的吸收,并最终导致种子的发芽率不同。试验以三种草坪草为研究对象,通过限定灌水量来模拟地下滴灌方式,讨论了10个水分梯度下种子吸胀吸水和萌发的变化情况。结果表明,在灌水量不同的情况下,萌发前外部环境水分变化率差异显著,但当灌水量超过60%时,差异不显著;种子开始萌发后,萌发初期种子发芽较快,然后逐渐变慢,最终达到稳定状态,当灌水量达到一定值时,累计发芽率达到最大值,但当水分含量超过这一定值时,反而会抑制种子的发芽,其中多年生黑麦草种子对水分最敏感,能最快达到最大发芽率,而草地早熟禾对水分反应不敏感,则最慢达到最大发芽率。研究结果可用于描述种子发芽过程中外部水分变化与发芽率的关系,并有助于种子发芽最优水量的确定和提高水分的利用效率。     

Whole-Cell Fatty Acid Composition to Characterize and Differentiate Isolates of Rhizoctonia Species Associated with Turfgrass Diseases in Japan

Cellular fatty acids were analyzed to characterize and differentiate 34 isolates of Rhizoctonia species representing binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-D (I), AG-D (II), R. solani AG 2-2 IIIB, AG 2-2 LP, R. circinata var. circinata and var. oryzae associated with turfgrass diseases in Japan. Myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were consistently present in varying quantities in all isolates. Heptadecanoic and 9-heptadecenoic acids were present in isolates of Rhizoctonia AG-D (I), AG-D (II), R. solani AG 2-2 IIIB and AG 2-2 LP but not in isolates of R. circinata var. circinata and var. oryzae. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids found, constituting 88.30-98.37% of the whole-cell fatty acid content. The remaining fatty acids were present in smaller amounts. Isolates within a single group were closely clustered, whereas isolates from different groups were clearly distinguishable based on average linkage cluster analysis of cellular fatty acids. Principal component analysis, based on all fatty acids detected, confirmed the distinct separation of isolates representing the six groups of Rhizoctonia species obtained from turfgrasses. These results suggested that fatty acid analysis is useful for the characterization and differentiation of isolates of Rhizoctonia species associated with turfgrass diseases. Received 21 May 2001/ Accepted in revised form 28 September 2001     

生长调节剂在草坪上的应用

生长调节剂对草坪草有不同的功效。有的促进草坪草的生长 ,有的起抑制作用 ,并且对草坪草抗寒性的影响与草坪草类型有关。本文对这些作用进行了探讨。     

4种暖季型草坪草的抗旱性分析

对百喜草、假俭草、狗牙根和结缕草4种暖季型草坪草进行土壤持续干旱,测定叶片水分饱和亏、叶绿素、细胞膜相对透性等生理生化指标,并运用模糊隶属函数法进行抗旱性评价。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,狗牙根的水分饱和亏上升幅度最小,而土壤含水量显著高于其他品种,表明狗牙根的抗旱机制主要为保持体内高水势的御旱机制上;狗牙根的叶绿素含量下降幅度最小,相对电导率和丙二醛上升幅度也最小;运用隶属函数法得出百喜草、假俭草、狗牙根和结缕草的隶属函数值分别为:0.506、0.501、0.566和0.537,表明抗旱性强弱为狗牙根结缕草百喜草假俭草;在适合暖季型草坪草生长的干旱地区,狗牙根可以作为培植草坪的首选品种。     

草坪坪床对土壤的要求

通过对土壤理化性质及其生物组成的分析 ,对草坪坪床土壤提出了要求 ,并且提出了改良措施     

草坪草抗旱性研究概述

通过查阅国内外有关文献 ,对草坪草抗旱机理和抗旱性鉴定方面的研究进行了概述。草坪草的抗旱机理主要分避旱和耐旱两方面。深而庞大 ,且富活力的根系与能够减小蒸腾作用损耗的特性是避旱的重要因素。通过渗透调节作用降低渗透势 ,从而维持一定的膨压是耐旱的重要因素。干旱胁迫条件下 ,质膜的稳定性、草坪质量评分、叶片含水量以及脯氨酸积累量等是比较草坪草抗旱性的重要鉴定指标。列举了主要草坪草种抗旱性的强弱排序 ,提出了草坪草抗旱性研究应注意的几个方面     

我国西北、西南地区牧草种子质量及其影响因素分析

１９９３和１９９４年，对我国西北、西南７省（区）主要生产、经销的１１种１１０个种批的牧草和草坪草种子进行了现场扦样、质量检验和质量定级，并对影响种子质量的因素进行了调查与分析。结果表明：被检种的平均合格率为７１．４％，其一、二、三级及不合格种子分别占３６．０％、１２．７％、２２．７％和２８．６％。种批的质量以进口坪用草地早熟禾、多年生黑麦草和国产苇状羊茅（坪用）和老芒麦质量最好，种批平均质量均达一级；其次为国产多年生黑麦草（坪用）和毛苕子，虽然各含三级和／或二级种子，但合格率为１００％。其它被检种质量较低，尤其是紫花苜蓿（１９９３年检）、沙打旺（１９９４年检）、苏丹草和红豆草，不合格种批率分别为６０％、７０％、８０％和１００％。种子质量低的主要表现为多数种杂质含量高和杂草种子严重超标，部分种发芽率低以及个别种水分含量过高。影响种子质量的主要因素为（１）种子生产不规范，技术落后；（２）生产和经营者缺乏必备的种子收获、清选机具以及种子收后质量管理知识；（３）种子经营混乱，信息不畅，产销脱节等。就如何尽快提高我国牧草种子质量以及加强种子质量管理等问题提出了建议。     

匍匐翦股颖果岭草坪草的坪用性状及关联度分析

采用灰色系统关联度分析法,综合评价了匍匐翦股颖品种Penncross、粤选1号匍匐翦股颖和匍匐翦股颖新品系粤选2号、粤选3号、35号、38号6个品种(系)在广州地区夏季的草坪质量,分析了6个草坪质量评价指标之间的关联度大小。结果表明:草坪质量评价指标间的关联度大小顺序是抗热性>质地>密度>绿期>颜色>均一性,草坪草品种(系)间的关联度大小依次为粤选3号>38号>粤选1号>35号>粤选2号>Penncross。这表明,在广州地区选择匍匐翦股颖作为果岭草坪草考虑的首要因素是抗热性,其次是质地和密度。供试的6个匍匐翦股颖品种(系)的草坪综合质量以新品系粤选3号最优,适宜该地区建植高质量的常绿果岭草坪。     

Responses of nematode‐community structure in turfgrass soil to microbial filtrates from municipal–solid waste compost

Actinomycetes, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus thuringiensis were isolated from municipal–solid waste (MSW) compost, and different microbial liquid filtrates (MLF) were prepared. Sterile culture media with no microbes were used as their controls. The effects of MLF on soil nematode communities were examined in pot‐grown Festuca arundinacea Schreb. Fifteen genera of nematodes in background soil were identified, of which Helicotylenchus and Rotylenchus were dominant. The inoculation of MLF strongly affected the abundance and community structure of soil nematodes. Compared with their controls, lower total nematode numbers following MLF incorporation were found. Actinomycetes inoculation changed community structure of soil nematodes, transforming the dominant genera from Helicotylenchus and Rotylenchus into Cephalobus, Chiloplacus, and Aphelenchus. Actinomycetes incorporation resulted in a significant decrease of plant‐parasitic nematodes relative to control pots. Only plant‐parasitic and omnivorous‐predatory nematodes were found in treatments following B. subtilis inoculation, and Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus were dominant genera with relative abundance of 76.2% and 14.3%, respectively. Although the dominant genera were still Helicotylenchus and Rotylenchus, B. thuringiensis inoculation led to a marked decrease in populations of plant‐parasitic nematodes and an increase in populations of fungivorous and bacterivorous nematodes relative to control. Shannon's diversity index (H′), evenness index (J′), richness index (SR), and Wasilewska index (WI) in pots treated with actinomycetes and B. thuringiensis filtrates were significantly higher than those of their controls, whereas significant lower dominance index (λ) in actinomycetes and B. thuringiensis treatments was observed than their controls. Plant growth was improved in the treatments inoculated with three microbes. The findings highlight that actinomycetes can most effectively suppress plant‐parasitic nematodes, increase community diversity, evenness, and richness, thus improving soil environment for turf growth.