Morphology,cytology and forage potential of Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum. x P. Purpureum Schum. amphidiploids

Summary F₁ hybrids between short-day photoperiod- sensitive maiwa bulrush millet, Pennisetum americanum (2n=14), and elephant grass, P. purpureum (2n=28), are triploid (2n=21), sterile, and can only be propagated vegetatively. Fertile amphidiploids, (2n=42, with 21 bivalents) were produced by colchicine treatment. Good seed set was obtained upon selfing the amphidiploids and the progeny exhibited variable pollen fertility and bivalent univalent and multivalent formation.Reciprocal crosses between elephant grass and the colchicine-induced amphidiploid failed to produce seeds. The maiwa millet x amphidiploid cross resulted in poor seed set and the reciprocal failed. Maiwa x amphidiploid hybrids were pollen sterile with 2n=21, rather than the expected 2n=28, indicating chromosome elimination.Morphologically, the amphidiploids and maiwa x amphidiploid hybrids closely resembled elephant grass and the F₁ hybrid. The amphidiploids showed no superiority over the F₁ hybrid and elephant grass in either forage yield or quality but one maiwa x amphidiploid genotype surpassed a promising local elephant grass selection in forage dry matter yield and flowered for a relatively short period.     

In vitro induction of tetraploid plants from colchicine-treated diploid daylily callus

Summary Daylily plantlets with tetraploid or octaploid chromosome numbers were induced from colchicine-treated diploid callus (2n=22). Callus tissue of the daylily Hemerocallis flava L. was placed on a morphogenetic induction medium, a modified MS formula supplemented with 1 mg 2,4-D and 1 mg kinetin/liter, plus 0,10, 20, or 40 mg/liter colchicine in the dark at 12°C for 3 days and recuperated for 1 week under the same environmental conditions except that colchicine was left out. The calluses were then returned to the normal growth temperature 25°C. Ploidy was identified by chromosome counts of squashed root-tip cells collected from the newly potted plantlets and later by measurements of stomates and pollen grains. Over 50% of the plants initiated from the colchicine-treated calluses were completely tetraploid. All of the plantlets differentiated from untreated callus had a diploid number of 22. Of the 3 colchicine levels applied, the 20 mg/liter treatment appeared to be the most effective in production of tetraploidy.     

新疆郁金香属植物秋水仙碱的调查

我国有１６种郁金香，而新疆就占１２种，我们的实验表明六种郁金香：毛蕊郁金香、准噶尔郁金香、阿勒泰郁金香、垂蕾郁金香、伊犁郁金香、异瓣郁金香含有秋水仙碱，而迟花郁金香没有秋水仙碱，上面七种郁金香都含有另外生物碱１－２种。     

茶树多倍体诱变研究初报

配制0．2％秋水仙素，对一年生茶树幼苗进行滴液处理诱导多倍体，正交试验结果表明：以苗木遮光黄化处理3天后，药剂连续处理4d，诱导效果最好；镜检其变异叶片的气孔保卫细胞明显增大，从中选出18个单株和对照相比均达到显著或极显著水平。     

苎麻多倍体诱导研究——Ⅰ. 苎麻多倍体诱导的基础研究

5个苎麻品种经秋水仙碱处理后,在形态学和细胞学上均发生了明显变化。与对照株相比,变异株子叶肥厚,色深绿,叶表皮毛明显增多、变粗,幼叶表面气孔增大,而单位面积气孔数减少。染色体数目鉴定结果:正常株2n=2x=28,变异株为2n=4x=56,甚至出现2n=8x=112的重复加倍现象本研究探讨了苎麻诱变的细胞学基础、细胞分裂动态有丝分裂指数,确定了分裂盛期。同时还比较了各种诱变方法及其效果。借助光学和电子显微镜就秋水仙碱对苎麻诱变在形态学和细胞学上产生的效应进行了初步鉴定,为苎麻多倍体育种奠定了基础。     

不同处理方式对鲜黄花菜中秋水仙碱含量变化的影响

为降低鲜黄花菜中的秋水仙碱含量，避免其食用的不安全性，对鲜黄花菜分别进行室温下10％NaCl．10％乙醇，pH12(NaOH调pH)的水、水及0C的10％NaCl的处理，测定不同处理的鲜黄花菜秋水仙碱含量。结果发现，0C的10％NaCl处理效果较好，能应用于实际生产中。     

四种抗微管物质诱导毛新杨2n花粉粒的研究

该文揭示了 4种抗微管物质 ,秋水仙碱、戊炔草胺、安磺灵和氟乐灵都有能力诱导毛新杨 2n花粉 .秋水仙碱虽然诱导 2n花粉比率最高 ,但花粉量最少 .另外 3种除草剂 ,诱导 2n花粉效率比用秋水仙碱处理的结果要低 ,但花粉量较大 ,其中 ,用戊炔草胺处理效果最好 .其最佳处理为注射花芽 4次 ,药品浓度 2 0 0 μmol L ,这不仅能使 2n花粉比率达到 84 4 % ,花粉量达到 0 .70mg 序 ,而且注射处理 10个花芽的费用仅为 0 .0 84元 ,远远低于用秋水仙碱处理同样数量花芽的花费 .该文证明了在所采用的这 4种抗微管物质中 ,戊炔草胺是诱导杨树花粉染色体加倍效果最好的药剂     

鹤望兰2n配子诱导研究初报*

 以多年生开花鹤望兰植株为试验材料，采用不同浓度秋水仙素（0.05%,0.10%,0.20%）对鹤望兰处于减数分裂Ⅰ期的幼小花蕾进行诱导。结果表明：0.20%浓度的秋水仙素诱导效果最好。与对照相比，在形态学上，花瓣、萼片、柱头，花粉粒大小等变化较明显。细胞学上，配子出现了明显的加倍现象,并检测到导致2n花粉形成的异常减数分裂现象：（1）中期Ⅱ和后期Ⅱ的小孢子母细胞中发生异常的纺锤体定位，表现为平行、八字形、融合纺锤体；（2）末期Ⅱ4个子核呈两极分布，每极2核，或呈三极分布，其中一极2核，另两极单核；（3）四分体时期观察到了二分体、三分体情况。并且2n花粉频率的估测值（20.30%）与实测值（17.30%）相接近。因纺锤体定位异常而产生的2n配子在遗传上等同于FDR型，因而在有性多倍化育种中具有重要的利用价值。     

鹤顶兰四倍体植株的诱导与鉴定

 以鹤顶兰原球茎为材料,使用秋水仙素进行了四倍体的离体诱导。结果表明,采用秋水仙素浸泡法可以诱导鹤顶兰原球茎发生倍性变化,含0.02%秋水仙素的“花宝一号”溶液浸泡处理6 d诱导率最高,达22.5%。细胞学鉴定发现,诱变成活植株中有3株为四倍体,其植株形态、气孔大小、气孔密度与二倍体存在差异,细胞核明显增大。     

组织培养结合秋水仙素诱导滇杨多倍体的研究

 利用组织培养结合秋水仙素对滇杨进行多倍体诱导,以期获得滇杨多倍体植株。结果表明：组织培养结合秋水仙素诱导滇杨产生多倍体的较优组合为秋水仙素浓度为80mg/L下处理30d或在90mg/L下处理20～30d,此时,多倍化诱导率最高可达186%。对滇杨多倍体植株与正常植株进行外部形态、染色体数目及单位叶面积内气孔数目的观察,发现多倍体植株与正常株形态差异明显,染色体数目增加为76条,叶表皮气孔变大,同时,叶片中叶绿素含量约为二倍体的1.5倍。