南京地区草坪主要杂草初步调查

经过近３年时间的调查,观测和鉴定,发现南京地区草坪的主要杂草有２３科５３属５４种 ,其中,夏,秋季危害草坪的主要杂草有马唐,牛筋草,画眉草,狗尾草,白茅,双穗雀,李氏禾,三叶草,空心莲子草等;冬,春季危害草坪的主要杂草有泥胡菜,猪殃殃,雪见草,附地菜,蘩蒌,稻槎菜,看麦娘,粘毛卷耳,大巢菜,婆婆纳等,不同建植年限和管理水平下的草坪杂草分布特点不同。     

大鼠乳腺局部免疫的调节机制--泌乳期与静止期乳腺肥大细胞分布的比较

应用改良甲苯胺蓝染色法(MTB)观察了大鼠泌乳期和静止期乳腺肥大细胞的分布、形态、数量变化规律．并用阿尔新蓝一番红鉴别染色法(AB-S)进行了细胞化学分型研究。结果：AB-S染色显示，大鼠乳腺只存在黏膜型肥大细胞；无论是泌乳期还是静止期。乳腺肥大细胞大多分布于腺泡间和小叶问结缔组织中。细胞的形态各异，但细胞数量在静止期和泌乳期有显著差异。泌乳期的乳腺肥大细胞数量明显减少(P＜0．01)。乳腺肥大细胞的动态变化，可能与乳腺泌乳期腺泡上皮的生长和静止期腺泡问结缔组织细胞增生等结构变化有关。     

日粮赖氨酸水平对12～18周龄雌性临武鸭血液生化指标的影响

为研究日粮不同赖氨酸(Lys)水平对12~18w雌性临武鸭血液生化指标的影响,试验选取健康、体重接近的84d雌性临武鸭210羽,随机分为5个处理(赖氨酸水平分别为0.55%、0.65%、0.75%、0.85%、0.95%),每处理设6个重复,每重复7只鸭,试验全期为42d。结果表明:日粮赖氨酸水平显著或极显著影响试鸭血清甘油三酯、碱性磷酸酶和谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶水平(P0.05或P0.01),但对血糖、总胆固醇、尿酸、尿素氮、肌酐和谷丙转氨酶无明显影响(P0.05);日粮赖氨酸水平对血清生长激素、胰岛素、胰高血糖素、皮质醇、T3、T4和T3/T4影响均不显著(P0.05)。试验结果表明,以血液生化和激素作为评价指标,日粮0.55%赖氨酸水平即可满足12~18w雌性临武鸭机体生长发育需要。     

不同收获期青贮玉米品种农艺性状和生物学产量的研究

[目的] 研究不同收获期对2种玉米农艺性状和生物学产量的影响,选择适宜在内蒙古乌兰察布市凉城县制作青贮饲料的玉米品种以及最佳收获期。[方法] 以全株青贮玉米吉东81和粮用玉米甘优702为试验材料,试验期为2019年9月5日至10月5日,设11个收获日期,分析不同收获日期2种玉米株高以及各部位鲜物质产量、干物质含量和干物质产量的变化。[结果] 2种玉米株高随着收获期的延长呈先增加后平稳趋势,9月17日吉东81和甘优702的株高最高,分别为3.51 m和2.94 m,试验期间吉东81的平均株高显著（P<0.05）高于甘优702。2种玉米茎叶、秆、果穗和整株鲜物质产量呈先上升后下降趋势,干物质含量呈递增趋势,干物质产量呈先上升后平稳趋势。2种玉米整株平均鲜物质产量差异不显著（P>0.05）,吉东81的整株平均干物质含量和干物质产量显著（P<0.05）低于甘优702。[结论] 全株青贮玉米品种吉东81最佳收获期为9月23—26日,粮用玉米品种甘优702最佳收获期为9月17—20日,且在相同种植条件下全株青贮玉米品种吉东81更适合在内蒙古乌兰察布市凉城县推广。     

模拟氮沉降和收获期对秋萌东方旱麦草生长与饲用品质的影响

短命植物东方旱麦草(Eremopyrum orientale)广泛分布于新疆北部,适时萌发,有助于缓解春季饲草短缺。为探究氮沉降和收获期对秋萌东方旱麦草生长与饲用品质的影响,本试验采用人工模拟方式,设置0 kg·ha^-1·a^-1,30 kg·ha^-1·a^-1,60 kg·ha^-1·a^-13个氮添加处理和2个收获时期(拔节孕穗期和开花期),分析不同处理下秋萌东方旱麦草生长指标和饲用品质指标变化。结果表明：在30 kg·ha^-1·a^-1,60 kg·ha^-1·a^-1氮添加条件下,秋萌东方旱麦草的株高、叶长、叶宽、分蘖数、茎粗、平均地上鲜重、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均高于0 kg·ha^-1·a^-1;同时,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量降低。与第一收获期相比,第二收获期东方旱麦草粗蛋白含量显著降低,中、酸性洗涤纤维与粗脂肪含量升高,平均地上生物量无差异。综合考虑东方旱麦草秋萌株的生长与饲用品质,在第一收获期(拔节孕穗期)和60 kg·ha^-1·a^-1氮添加下可获得最优饲草,但30 kg·ha^-1·a^-1较低水平氮沉降也能显著提升其生产力与饲用品质。     

Invertebrate drift densities in the Njoro and Kamweti Rivers in the Kenyan highlands that differ in the level of anthropogenic disturbances

Invertebrate drift is one of several fundamental ecological processes in streams. However, little is known about the dynamics of invertebrate drift in Kenyan streams. In this study, we assessed invertebrate drift in two rivers, i.e. Njoro and Kamweti, that differ in the level of anthropogenic disturbances, between February and March, 2016. The aim was to evaluate the effect of river sampling duration (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min) and sampling period (day or night) on invertebrate drift densities. The 5-minute sampling period resulted in significantly higher mean drift densities than the other time intervals in both rivers. The highest mean drift density (2.0 ± 0.9 individuals m^?3) was recorded at the Njoro River during the day, whereas the lowest drift density (0.3 ± 0.2 individuals m^?3) was recorded at the Kamweti River during the day. A strong nocturnal drift pattern was noted at the less disturbed river (Kamweti). The present results suggest that anthropogenic perturbations influence invertebrate drift densities, and sampling duration and sampling period are important factors to consider when sampling invertebrate drift.     

Association of oxidative status and insulin sensitivity in periparturient dairy cattle: an observational study

Post‐parturient insulin resistance (IR) is a common feature in all mammalian animals. However, in dairy cows, it can be exacerbated because of high milk yield, leading to excessive negative energy balance, which is related with increased disease incidence, reduced milk production and worsened reproductive performance. IR has been extensively investigated in humans suffering from diabetes mellitus. In these subjects, it is known that oxidative stress (OS) plays a causative role in the onset of IR. Although OS occurs in transitional dairy cattle, there are yet no studies that investigated the association between IR and OS in dairy cattle. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between OS and IR in dairy cattle. Serum samples were taken repeatedly from 22 dairy cows from 2 months prior to the expected calving date to 2 months after calving and were analysed for markers of metabolic and redox balance. Surrogate indices of insulin sensitivity were also calculated. Generalised linear mixed models revealed an effect of the oxidative status on peripheral insulin concentration and on indices of insulin sensitivity. Hence, field trials should investigate the effectiveness of antioxidant therapy on insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues during the transition period of dairy cattle.     

奶牛干奶期饲养管理要点

无论对奶牛还是奶牛饲养管理者干奶期的饲养管理都很重要,本文从干奶期长短,干奶方法,干奶期奶牛的饲养和管理,干奶期乳房炎和其它代谢疾病的预防和控制等方面介绍了实践中奶牛干奶期应注意的几个要点。     

返青期休牧对退化高寒草甸植被生长及其优势植物垂穗披碱草光合作用的影响

返青期休牧为退化草地恢复中最经济可行的措施且已得到了较广泛的推广和应用,为探索返青期休牧对高寒草地植物生长及光合特性的影响,本研究于2015年开始在青海省祁连山区进行返青期休牧试验,于2018年和2019年调查并测定试验样地植物群落特征和光合生理指标。结果表明：返青期休牧4年后,草地总盖度、优势种牧草垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）高度、地上生物量和地下生物量较未休牧分别提高了35%,777%,1140%和217%,垂穗披碱草叶绿素含量和净光合速率分别增加了172%和146%;草地总盖度、地上生物量和垂穗披碱草叶绿素含量及净光合速率在休牧第4年和休牧第5年之间差异不显著。因此,在高寒草地实施返青期休牧可提高优势牧草光合作用、促进退化草地植被的恢复,且退化草地植被在休牧一定年限后趋于稳定。本研究为青藏高原推广实施返青期休牧这一措施来恢复退化草地植被提供了理论基础。     

Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on growth performance,plasma metabolites and hormones,and rumen fermentation in Holstein calves during pre‐ and post‐weaning periods

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) during the pre‐ and post‐weaning periods on growth, metabolic and hormonal responses, and rumen fermentation in calves. Three‐week‐old Holstein calves were assigned to either control (n = 12) or SC group (n = 12), the latter of which received 2 × 10⁹ cfu/day of SC. The experiment was conducted over a period of 7 weeks around weaning. Daily gain (DG) in the SC group was higher (p < .05) than that in the control group. In the SC group, plasma glucose, insulin, and growth hormone (GH) concentrations were higher (p < .05) and concentrations of glucagon and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) tended to be higher (p < .1) than in the control group. Proportion of rumen propionate and concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen at 10 weeks of age were greater (p < .05) in the SC group than that in the control group. Supplementation of SC around weaning may improve dietary nutrient and energy availability and increase plasma GH and IGF‐1 concentrations. These changes observed in SC‐supplemented calves could be closely related to the improvement of DG.