沈阳冬麦试验气候代表性研究报告

本文充分利用马氏平方距离的广义性,使之成为冬麦试验年与历史年代温度条件的气候差异的综合要素指标,并运用马氏距离的可检验性,通过辗转运算方式筛选相似年,对试验阶段的气候代表性进行鉴定。最终确定沈阳１９９１～１９９７年冬麦试验的气候代表性为８８％,为冬麦北移提供了气候依据。     

两种天牛成虫出现期、产卵历期与气象因子的关系

１９９５ ～１９９８ 年连续４ ａ 对一片更新林地进行逐日天牛动态调查,记载光肩星天牛Ａｎｏｐｌｏｐｈｏｒａ ｇｌａｂｒｉｐｅｎｎｉｓ （ Ｍｏｔｓｃｈ．） 和黄斑星天牛Ａ．ｎｏｂｉｌｉｓ Ｇａｎｇｌｂａｕｅｒ 新羽化孔、刻槽、成虫的数量变化资料．利用调查资料结合气象资料对天牛的种群变化作了初步的分析,气象因素除气温对天牛的羽化期有影响外,其他气象因素对天牛种群无明显的影响．     

荒漠植物白刺叶片气孔性状对模拟增雨的响应

为研究荒漠植物气孔性状对气候变化的响应以及对植物固碳能力的影响,根据内蒙古磴口多年平均降水量和植物生长规律,设计2个增雨时段(生长季前期与后期),每个时段设计2个增雨梯度(50%与100%),对天然白刺灌丛进行增雨实验,利用数码图像显微镜处理系统,研究叶片气孔大小、气孔密度及气孔导度等气孔性状对增雨的响应。结果表明:与对照相比,各增雨处理可以增加气孔长度、宽度与气孔导度,但孔密度减小,且叶片下表皮密度大于上表皮。相同增雨季节,100%处理对气孔大小、气孔密度及气孔导度的影响均高于50%处理,2个梯度间差异不显著;气孔大小与气孔导度对生长季前期增雨响应更敏感,气孔密度对不同生长季节增雨响应不明显;气孔性状之间存在一定的协调性。在未来降雨增加的条件下,荒漠植物可以通过改变气孔性状(扩大气孔)通路来提高固碳能力。     

环境条件对亚麻纤维品质的影响

品种区域试验结果显示,黑龙江省不同地区的气候、土壤环境条件差异极大,亚麻纤维强度在不同(区域)间、品种间和两者的互作均达到极显著水平,因此有必要对黑龙江省亚麻(种植)进行优质区划,选择适宜的品种在适宜的区域种植,全面提高黑龙江省亚麻纤维的品质。相关分析表明,土壤缓效钾和速效钾含量与纤维强度和可挠度均呈正相关,其它指标与两个品质指标间呈负相关。土壤全磷和速效磷含量与可挠度呈显著负相关,速效磷与纤维强度呈较大的负相关,有机质含量、全氮含量与之呈较大的正相关,二者与可挠度呈负相关。3个品种的纤维强度与开花前后的气象因子的关系比较复杂,开花前日照时数与强度负相关;开花后较多的积温、日照时数和降雨量有利于提高纤维的纤维强度和可挠度。     

The role of floods and droughts on riverine ecosystems under a changing climate

Floods and droughts are key driving forces shaping aquatic ecosystems. Climate change may alter key attributes of these events and consequently health and distribution of aquatic species. Improved knowledge of biological responses to different types of floods and droughts in rivers should allow the better prediction of the ecological consequences of climate change‐induced flow alterations. This review highlights that in unmodified ecosystems, the intensity and direction of biological impacts of floods and droughts vary, but the overall consequence is an increase in biological diversity and ecosystem health. To predict the impact of climate change, metrics that allow the quantitative linking of physical disturbance attributes to the directions and intensities of biological impacts are needed. The link between habitat change and the character of biological response is provided by the frequency of occurrence of the river wave characteristic—that is the event's predictability. The severity of impacts of floods is largely related to the river wave amplitude (flood magnitude), while the impact of droughts is related to river wavelength (drought duration).     

Sudden change in long‐term ocean climate fluctuations corresponds with ecosystem alterations and reduced recruitment in Norwegian spring‐spawning herring (Clupea harengus,Clupeidae)

Fish stocks vary in abundance. The causes behind the fluctuations may be difficult to determine, especially ones caused by natural fluctuations, but long‐term data series may provide indications of the mechanisms. Assessments show that the recruitment to the Norwegian spring‐spawning herring (Clupea harengus, Clupeidae) has remained low since 2004, a year which produced the last really rich year‐class. Long time‐series of estimated recruitment and mean winter temperature in the ocean showed a significant positive correlation for the period 1921–2004. Here, we show that this positive correlation did not continue from 2005 onwards as the winter temperature increased to high levels while herring recruitment decreased and has remained low. The density of zooplankton in the drift route of the herring larvae dropped significantly after 2004, and their centre of gravity shifted northwards. There may currently be heavy predation on the larvae by Atlanic mackerel (Scomber scombrus, Scombridae), and top‐down regulation is suggested to hamper successful recruitment. Our analysis indicates that the presence of food and overlap with high food concentrations are likely important regulators of survival in herring larvae. The findings may be important for future management and planning of fisheries of this stock because recruitment failure may continue if temperature remains high and food abundance remains low.     

Modelling effects of invasive species and drought on crayfish extinction risk and population dynamics

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Long‐term trends and drivers of larval phenology and abundance of dominant brachyuran crabs in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada)

Climate change has led to major shifts in the timing of biological events, with many studies demonstrating earlier phenology in response to warming. However, few of these studies have investigated the effects of climate change on the phenology of larvae in marine species. Phenological shifts can result in mismatches between consumers and prey and hence affect growth and survival of individuals, and ultimately population demography. We investigated the temporal changes in phenology and abundance of the larvae of dominant brachyuran crabs in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (eastern Canada) based on plankton collections spanning 1982–2012. The Gulf of St. Lawrence has warmed since the early 1990s, and our analyses revealed that larvae of snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) and toad crabs (Hyas spp.) exhibited a significant trend towards earlier phenology over the 30‐year study period. This shift in phenology appeared to be a consequence of the effect of climate warming on both the timing of hatching and larval development rate. Larval abundance responded differently by crab taxon to climate warming, likely due to differences in thermal tolerance. The warming trend was unfavourable to snow crab, which is the most cold‐adapted and stenothermic of the taxa examined in this study. The abundance of snow crab larvae was lower when sea ice retreat occurred earlier than day 110 of the year and sea surface temperature was higher than 8.5°C. On the other hand, larval abundance of rock crab (Cancer irroratus), which prefers higher temperatures, was positively related to surface temperature.     

Integrated breeding approaches for improving drought and heat adaptation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

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基于最大熵方法的未来气候变化下狼毒在中国潜在分布的预测

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