灾害性气候条件下优质蛋白玉米黔单11号的表现

优质蛋白玉米杂交种黔单11号是在贵州恶劣灾害气候的环境条件下,选育出来的玉米新品种。经1997、2000、2001年3a试验,观察了灾害性气候对该品种的影响。结果表明:该品种抗逆性较强,播种期遇干旱久晴无雨的天气,土壤田间持水量为43.5％(正常土壤田间持水量60％)、雨水不足,出苗率在85％以上,基本达到苗齐、苗壮:拔节后期喇叭口阶段,遇到久雨少晴气候,遭受水涝灾害,土壤田间持水量达85％以上,部分低洼处被水淹,而玉米生长正常,叶色深绿,根系发达,未发现烂根现象;在抽雄、吐丝、授粉阶段,遭遇伏旱及暴风雨灾害,玉米正常抽雄吐丝授粉结实,产量未造成较大影响,基本上达到常年稳产,每公顷达到8400kg以上。     

气候变暖对中国西北主要农作物的影响

依据已有的大量研究结果,通过对未来气候变暖情景下CO2浓度倍增时我国农作物的气候模拟分析的总结,结合历史上暖期我国西北农业生产的情况及个例分析,得出:当气候变暖时,我国西北地区降水增加的可能性较大,西北地区并没有因温度升高而变干,从而有利于西北粮食产量的增加。     

汾渭盆地全新世成壤环境演变比较研究

通过对汾渭盆地全新世土壤的野外考察以及磁化率和高分辨率CaCO3 的分析 ,揭示了该区域土壤成壤过程与气候变化关系。研究表明 ,汾渭盆地全新世的S0 地层形成于全球性的全新世气候最适宜期 ,约从 85 0 0aBP土壤开始发育 ,形成较厚的S0 层。约从 310 0aBP起始 ,气候发生变化 ,干旱和沙尘堆积形成了黄土L0 层和现代表土层。土壤剖面磁化率与CaCO3 指标反映 ,由于地带性因素存在 ,全新世汾河盆地古土壤S0 的成壤强度远远低于渭河盆地。在全新世气候最适宜期 ,两地气候和环境的差异扩大 ,而晚更新世马兰黄土堆积期间和全新世其它主要阶段 ,两地气候和环境的差异相对减小。     

气候变化对天水苹果生长的影响及对策研究

利用1981~2004年农业气象资料进行综合分析,得出气候变化对苹果生长的主要影响:暖干气候导致苹果生育期提前;盛花后高温干旱和时段性低温造成苹果坐果率下降;5月平均气温对产量的贡献最大,造成苹果减产的主要气象条件是仲春4~5月气温的较大波动和花芽萌动期仲春4月干旱、低温危害;7月平均气温对苹果品质影响最大,20世纪90年代以来,7月气温的显著升高是造成该区苹果品质下降的主要气候原因。     

黄土高原秋季降水年际和年代际气候变化特征

根据黄土高原地区分布较为均匀的39个气象观测站(1961~2000年)及西峰国家基准气候站(1938~2003年)秋季降水序列资料,应用NCEP/NCAR(1968~2003年)500 hPa高度距平场再分析资料,利用区域性各年代距平场和西峰各年代逐年累积秋季降水距平百分率分析得出:黄土高原20世纪60(90)年代秋季降水全区域偏多(偏少),70(80)年代除北部偏多外中南部转为略少(均略少);秋季降水持续阶段性转折变化特征突出,存在5个转折变化年份和6个相对持续阶段,继20世纪90年代持续偏少阶段之后,从2001年开始转入一个相对偏多阶段,有利于冬小麦生产;秋季降水的大气环流背景为:偏少(多)年份,极地冷空气影响势力弱(强),新疆高压脊强(弱),特别是偏多年份新疆低压槽活跃。     

Milk Production by Agropastoral Red Sokoto Goats in Nigeria

The mild yield characteristics of smallholder agropastoral Fulani Red Sokoto goats were evaluated using records obtained from a total of 92 does in 6 herds, collected over a 2-year period. The results indicated that the total yield was 79.8±3.2 kg, the daily yield 0.66±0.03 kg, the peak yield 1.21±0.07 kg and the day of peak production 28.7±2.1 day of lactation. The milk yield characteristics were highly variable with a coefficient of variability of 38.6% to 69.8%. The characteristics were significantly (p<0.01–0.05) influenced by herd, season, parity and litter size of the dam. Highly positive and significant (p<0.01) correlations (r = 0.66–0.99) existed between the total yield and the average daily yield, peak yield, initial yield and day 120 yield. A negative and significant (p<0.05) correlation (r = –0.33) was observed between the peak day and the initial yield. The non-homogeneity of the milk yield characteristics in Red Sokoto does suggests the possibility of improving their daily productivity by selection of high yielding does. Selection for higher initial milk yield may also improve other milk yield characteristics.     

Estimating regional forest productivity and water yield using an ecosystem model linked to a GIS

We used the PnET-II model of forest carbon and water balances to estimate regional forest productivity and runoff for the northeastern United States. The model was run at 30 arc sec resolution (approximately 1 km) in conjunction with a Geographic Information System that contained monthly climate data and a satellite-derived land cover map. Predicted net primary production (NPP) ranged from 700 to 1450 g m² yr¹ with a regional mean of 1084 g m² yr¹. Validation at a number of locations within the region showed close agreement between predicted and observed values. Disagreement at two sites was proportional to differences between measured foliar N concentrations and values used in the model. Predicted runoff ranged from 24 to 150 cm yr¹with a regional mean of 63 cm yr¹. Predictions agreed well with observed values from U.S. Geologic Survey watersheds across the region although there was a slight bias towards overprediction at high elevations and underprediction at lower elevations.Spatial patterns in NPP followed patterns of precipitation and growing degree days, depending on the degree of predicted water versus energy limitation within each forest type. Randomized sensitivity analyses indicated that NPP within hardwood and pine forests was limited by variables controlling water availability (precipitation and soil water holding capacity) to a greater extent than foliar nitrogen, suggesting greater limitations by water than nitrogen for these forest types. In contrast, spruce-fir NPP was not sensitive to water availability and was highly sensitivity to foliar N, indicating greater limitation by available nitrogen. Although more work is needed to fully understand the relative importance of water versus nitrogen limitation in northeastern forests, these results suggests that spatial patterns of NPP for hardwoods and pines can be largely captured using currently available data sets, while substantial uncertainties exist for spruce-fir.     

Development and survival of infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle on pasture in central Kenya

On a series of pasture plots, 2 kg pats of bovine faeces containing known numbers of strongylid (Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus) eggs were deposited at intervals of 4 weeks from July 1995 to June 1996. The plots were sampled every 2 weeks after contamination and infective larvae were identified and counted. Larvae of all the genera developed throughout the year, but the pats exposed during the rainy season yielded more abundant larvae on the herbage. Irrespective of the season of deposition of the pats, larvae were found in larger numbers from 2 to 6 weeks after deposition and generally declined to below detectable levels within 12 to 16 weeks of contamination. The comparatively short survival times noted in this experiment may present opportunities for manipulation of the population dynamics of the gastrointestinal nematodes in the tropical environment of Kenya.     

Fire blight risk assessment during bloom in an experimental orchard using BIS (Billing's Integrated System)

The value of BIS for blossom blight risk assessment was studied from data collected in an experimental orchard in south-west France. Trees observed included mature commercial pear and apple trees and some young trees in experimental plots. There was a weather station in the orchard and beehives were present. Field records included flowering times of the pear and apple cultivars studied (mostly Passe-Crassane and Beurré Hardy, Royal Gala and Golden Delicious) and dates when blossom blight was first seen on each cultivar. Between 1980 and 1991, records of blight were available for 25 cases. In most cases, one or more infection risk (IR) days, as defined for BIS, could be found during bloom. DD13 mean sums (sums of degree days above a mean temperature of 13 °C) gave good guidance on times when early signs of blossom blight were present in 14 cases. There was only a slight divergence from BIS guides in a further five cases. Possible reasons for divergence and for non-fit in the remaining six cases are discussed. It is concluded from this study that BIS should give useful guidance on optimal times for protective spray applications and for timing of searches for signs of early blossom blight in south-west of France. Graphical presentations of data provide additional information.     

过去1500年宝鸡地区农业旱涝灾害与全国冷暖对应分析

揭示人类对环境变化的响应 ,已经成为近年来全球变化研究新的热点。根据我国陕西省宝鸡地区农业旱涝灾害史料 ,统计出 7世纪到 2 0世纪末的 15 0 0年间发生的旱涝灾害的年数 ,应用频数分析法及灾情等级指数分析法 ,发现宝鸡地区历史农业旱涝灾害的频度和灾情 ,均具有明显的波动变化特征。与全国季风区年均气温的变化进行对比 ,可以看出农业旱灾频数对气温变化有很好的冷多和暖少的对应关系 ,并且农业旱涝灾情在气温突变时段较严重 ,在气温平稳持续时段较弱。进一步分析表明 ,宝鸡地区农业旱涝频率的变化存在千年周期。在千年周期的结束期 ,即转换期 ,农业旱涝频率变化同步。