藜麦品系的染色体数目及核型分析

为探明西藏目前主推藜麦的染色体数目及核型,以西藏农牧学院植物科学学院提供的藜麦品系W4为材料,对其进行根尖染色体常规压片法制片,比较采用8-羟基喹啉、秋水仙素和冰冻方法的预处理时间、1mol/L HCl酸解时间对藜麦染色体制片的影响,探讨最优的根尖处理方法并进行核型分析.结果显示:用0.1%秋水仙素溶液(离体)处理3h,1mol/L HCl 60℃酸解13～14 min的总体作用效果最佳;藜麦W4的核型公式为2n=36=32 m(2SAT)+4sm,核型不对称系数为57.87%,核型分类中属2B型.     

新疆野苹果的不同种下类型染色体核型分析

【目的】新疆野苹果（Malus sieversii）是新疆伊犁地区的主要野生苹果种质资源,是中国苹果资源中的独特分支,加强该资源的研究对保护苹果种质资源的丰富性具有重大意义。对新疆野苹果的不同种下类型进行细胞学分类,探讨新疆野生苹果种下类型之间的亲缘关系,为新疆野苹果资源的保护、开发与利用提供科学依据。【方法】以采自伊犁的新疆野苹果24个种下类型为研究对象,在4月初至4月中旬,选取其幼嫩的茎尖,采用改进的适合新疆野苹果核型分析的染色体制片方法进行压片,并根据不同种下类型染色体数目及其相对长度、平均臂比等核型指标,观察分析新疆野苹果24个种下类型染色体的核型特征。【结果】（1）新疆野苹果24个种下类型均为二倍体,染色体数目为34条,所有种质染色体相对长度平均值为3.23 μm,属小染色体。从着丝点位置观察,多数类型均含有不同数量的m和sm染色体,个别类型只有m染色体,核型公式为2n=2x=34=34m、2n=2x=34=30m+4sm、2n=2x=34=28m+6sm、2n=2x=34=32m+2sm等4种类型。从染色体长度观察,除了香酸野苹果和长柄红霞果以外,其他的类型均含有不同数目的长染色体（L）、中长染色体（M2）、中短染色体（M1）以及短染色体（s）等4种类型,没有发现随体。（2）染色体结构特征方面,新疆野苹果24个种下类型染色体的平均臂比为1.27-1.56,核型不对称系数为56.01%-63.39%。核型类型大部分为1A和1B型,也有个别的2A和2B;1A、1B、2A、2B所占的比例分别为41.67%、37.5%、8.33%和12.50%。（3）进化趋势图显示,黄圆野苹果最为特殊,其核型不对称系数最高（63.39%）,其进化程度最高,其次是霍城圆果野苹果和清香野苹果,小花野苹果的进化程度最低（56.01%）;其余20个种下类型进化趋势具有较高的一致性,趋势较为集中;其中,大扁心野苹果的进化程度最低。（4）聚类分析显示,24个种下类型分为3类,第一类包括9个种下类型,它们具有较高的核型特征相似性,大多数类型的平均臂比大于其他类型,结合进化趋势结果,发现它们的进化趋势比别的类群较高;第二类包括11个,核型类型大多数为1B、2A、2B;第三类4个类型,它们的平均臂比和核型不对称系数最小,核型类型属于1A和1B,说明这类群的遗传相对稳定。【结论】新疆野苹果24个种下类型的核型特征有一定差异,根据核型特征,可以对其进行分类;与传统分类方法比较,其揭示的种下类型之间的亲缘关系更加明晰,聚类结果更能反映出类型之间的一致性与差异性。结合核型特征可初步判断种下类型的进化趋势,这对进一步研究新疆野苹果种下类型的系统进化有重要参考作用。     

大白菜-花椰菜异源多倍体的形态、细胞及分子鉴定

 应用形态学、解剖学、细胞学及分子标记的方法对大白菜与花椰菜的异源四倍体和异源三倍体进行倍性鉴定。结果表明,异源多倍体在植株叶片、花器官和气孔等性状上较其二倍体双亲均表现出巨大性,而气孔密度和结实率则降低,其中异源四倍体比异源三倍体表现更明显。SRAP 分子标记分析表明,异源多倍体中包含了双亲的遗传信息,是双亲间真杂种。细胞学观察显示,异源四倍体的染色体数为2n = 4x = 38,异源三倍体的染色体数为2n = 3x = 29。异源多倍体的获得及鉴定为进一步创制大白菜新种质提供了材料。     

水稻早世代稳定现象的研究进展

早世代稳定现象首先在水稻杂交育种过程中发现,该现象可以早世代固定杂种基因型,这为培育可以多代利用的杂交种,开辟了美好的前景。本文就早世代稳定现象的历史、发展及应用前景作一论述。     

盐酸解离对果蝇唾腺染色体解聚与制片效果的影响

盐酸解离是果蝇唾腺染色体制片中的关键步骤,研究了盐酸浓度与处理时间对染色体解聚合与制片效果的影响.解离不充分时,压片后唾腺染色体仍团聚在一起;解离过度时,染色体结构受损,二者都达不到制片的要求.用2 mol/L盐酸处理20 min或者用3 mol/L盐酸处理15 min,染色体解聚适度,染色体分散,染色体臂及横纹均清晰可见,制片效果理想.用3 mol/L盐酸解离,所需时间短,更适合于制片观察.     

鲤鱼血淋巴细胞培养及染色体制备条件探索

从鲤鱼侧线鳞处静脉采血于含有肝素的一次性注射器中，采用RPMI1640全培养基进行体外淋巴细胞培养。通过对采血后细胞培养时间、秋水仙素浓度及加入时间、低渗时间及温度等条件的摸索，建立了较成熟的培养鱼类血淋巴细胞的实验方法。     

甘蓝基因组细菌人工染色体文库的构建

细菌人工染色体（ BAC）文库是克隆甘蓝抗病优质重要基因的基础,以抗枯萎病、富含硫代葡萄糖苷的结球甘蓝自交系R4P1为材料,美国Epicentre公司的CopyControl TM pCC1BACTM为载体,构建了甘蓝细菌人工染色体文库。该文库有73344个克隆,插入片段平均大小约97 kb,空载率＜3％,覆盖甘蓝基因组约10．9倍,筛选到甘蓝任一基因的概率为99．99％,这些结果表明,构建的文库质量较好,可用于后续分析。构建的甘蓝BAC文库不仅可用于枯萎病基因的克隆,而且为克隆其他重要的功能基因及基因组学等的研究奠定了基础。     

家猪(Sus scrofa domestica L.)染色体G-带核型的研究

本文对经外周血淋巴细胞培养的猪染色体标本,运用胰酶 G-带技术,进行了核型分析,描述了早、中、晚不同时期中期染色体的 G-带型。将家猪中期染色体 G-带型划分成64个区。共488条带纹,比较了染色体 X 和9的带型差别。     

The effect of colchicine on triticale anther-derived plants: Microspore pre-treatment and haploid-plant treatment using a hydroponic recovery system

In cereals, chromosome doubling of microspore-derived haploid plants is a critical step in producing doubled haploid plants. This investigation was undertaken to study the effect of incorporation of colchicine in the induction medium for anther culture, and the effect of colchicine on anther culture-derived plants of triticale grown under controlled greenhouse conditions. In the latter case, chromosome doubling of adult sterile plants derived from anther culture of fourteen triticale populations was attempted, where androgenetic plants with non-dehiscent anthers were cloned and subjected to the colchicine treatment, and then grown with the aid of hydroponics. The hydroponic system provided optimal conditions for recovery of the affected haploids from the toxic effects of colchicine treatment and all colchicine-treated plants survived. A topcross-F₁ (TC₁F₁) population with timopheevii cytoplasm produced the highest percentage of plants with seed-set either due to chromosome doubling by colchicine (98%) or spontaneous doubling of chromosome number (15%). Colchicine-treated anthers performed inferior than control in both induction and regeneration phases. One of the key observation of this study was the reversal from reproductive stage back to the vegetative stage which in turn enabled further cloning of haploid plants under hydroponic conditions once they were identified as sterile. The one hundred percent survival rate of in vitro-derived plants, 100% survival rate of colchicine treated haploid plants and the high chromosome doubling success rate (X = 82.3) observed in this study imply that a temperature-controlled greenhouse with an hydroponic system provides an efficient environment for inducing chromosome doubling of haploid plants in cereals. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production and characterization of Raphanus sativus-Brassica rapa monosomic chromosome addition lines

Breeding of Raphanus sativus‐Brassica rapa monosomic chromosome addition lines (MALs, 2n = 19) was carried out by backcrossing the synthesized amphidiploid line, Raphanobrassica (R. sativus×B. rapa, 2n = 38, RRAA, line RA89) with R. sativus cv. ‘Shogoin’ (2n = 18, RR). In the first cross of Raphanobrassica× radish, four sesquidiploidal BC₁ plants (2n = 28, RRA, RA89‐36‐1, RA89‐31‐1, RA89‐31‐2, RA89‐31‐3) were successfully developed. In these plants, the chromosome configurations of 9II + 10I and 10II + 8I were observed frequently at first metaphase (MI) of meiosis in pollen mother cells (PMCs). The RA 89‐36‐1 plant produced many seeds in the reciprocal backcrosses with radish. About 50% of the BC₂ plants obtained from the cross of RA89‐36‐1 plant × radish were 2n = 19 plants, followed by 2n = 18 plants (24%) and 2n = 20 plants (19%). In the reciprocal cross, 2n = 19 plants were also developed at the rate of 40%. From analysis of specific morphological traits, 2n = 19 plants were classified into eight types (a‐h). When 25 selected primers were used in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers derived from B. rapa for each type of MAL were detected in numbers between three for e‐type and 16 for b‐type. RAPD markers specific for each type alone were from one (OPE 05‐344) for h‐type to nine for b‐type. In the g‐type, no marker specific to this type alone was observed. However, 19 bands were common between at least two types. These MAL plants exhibited predominantly the chromosome configuration of 9II + 1I at MI of PMCs, pollen and seed fertility being the same level as the radish cv. ‘Shogoin’. From the morphological traits and DNA markers, eight different MAL types among 10 expected were identified.