仿生包衣装置对大豆发芽与苗期植株性状的影响

为了提高大豆种子的包衣质量,促进包衣种子的发芽与苗期生长,实现苗齐苗壮,增加产量。以黑农48大豆种子为供试材料,对仿生包衣装置处理和现有包衣装置处理的大豆种子进行单因素田间试验,以未包衣大豆种子为对照组CK,仿生包衣装置处理的大豆种子为处理1,现有包衣装置处理的大豆种子为处理2,测定大豆种子发芽情况和苗期植株性状,比较2种包衣装置的包衣效果。结果表明:处理1和处理2的大豆种子发芽指标和苗期植株性状指标均高于对照组CK,处理1较处理2的发芽指数增长20.21%,根鲜重增长11.26%,主根长增长11.15%,且处理1和处理2的发芽指数、根鲜重、主根长差异显著。仿生装置处理较正常包衣处理种子生长状况更好的原因为仿生搅拌叶片更能减少搅拌叶片对大豆种子种皮和胚的损伤,增加大豆包衣的均匀性,进而提高了种子的包衣质量。通过田间试验验证了仿生包衣装置较现有包衣装置在包衣效果上的优越性,研究结果可为包衣设备改进优化提供数据支持和实用参考。     

Population structure of the ash dieback pathogen,Hymenoscyphus fraxineus,in relation to its mode of arrival in the UK

The ash dieback fungus, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, a destructive, alien pathogen of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), has spread across Europe over the past 25 years and was first observed in the UK in 2012. To investigate the relationship of the pathogen's population structure to its mode of arrival, isolates were obtained from locations in England and Wales, either where established natural populations of ash had been infected by wind‐dispersed ascospores or where the fungus had been introduced on imported planting stock. Population structure was determined by tests for vegetative compatibility (VC), mating type and single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). VC heterogeneity was high at all locations, with 96% of isolate pairings being incompatible. Frequencies of the MAT1‐1‐1 and MAT1‐2‐1 idiomorphs were approximately equal, consistent with H. fraxineus being an obligate outbreeder. Most SNP variation occurred within study location and there was little genetic differentiation between the two types of location in the UK, or between pathogen populations in the UK and continental Europe. There was modest differentiation between UK subpopulations, consistent with genetic variation between source populations in continental Europe. However, there was no evidence of strong founder effects, indicating that numerous individuals of H. fraxineus initiated infection at each location, regardless of the route of pathogen transmission. The ssRNA virus HfMV1 was present at moderate to high frequencies in all UK subpopulations. The results imply that management of an introduced plant pathogen requires action against its spread at the continental level involving coordinated efforts by European countries.     

温湿度、光照周期和寄主植物对小地老虎求偶及交配行为的影响

为了解温度、光照周期、相对湿度及寄主植物对小地老虎求偶及交配的影响,采用直接观察法研究这些因子对小地老虎求偶及交配的影响。结果表明,温度为25℃时,小地老虎的求偶次数、交配次数最多,求偶率、交配率最高,求偶起始时间最短,求偶持续时间、单次交配持续时间最长,分别为6.83次、1.78次、86.21%、82.32%、311.35 min、65.46 min、43.53 min,高于或低于25℃会抑制求偶及交配;光照周期为6 h∶18 h时,小地老虎的求偶次数、交配次数最多,求偶率、交配率最高,求偶起始时间、求偶持续时间、单次交配持续时间最长,分别为8.45次、2.42次、93.62%、90.63%、347.41 min、86.83 min、60.33 min,光照周期延长会抑制求偶及交配;湿度为55%时,小地老虎的求偶次数、交配次数最少,求偶率、交配率最低,求偶起始时间最长,求偶持续时间、单次交配持续时间最短,分别为4.41次、1.34次、72.65%、70.45%、325.78 min、53.45 min、31.34 min,湿度升高会促进求偶及交配;放玉米叶片时,小地老虎的的求偶次数、交配次数最多,求偶率、交配率最高,求偶起始时间最短,求偶持续时间、单次交配持续时间最长,分别为8.87次、2.73次、95.32%、93.26%、262.42 min、85.52 min、64.67 min。     

白星花金龟的羽化及交配行为

为了探明白星花金龟Protaetia brevitarsis Lewis的羽化节律和羽化进程、交配行为及交配节律,在室内恒定条件下(光照周期为L∥D=14h∥10h,温度为(25±2)℃,相对湿度为75%~80%),对白星花金龟的羽化及交配行为进行了观察,结果表明:1)羽化在白天和晚上均可发生,雌雄羽化节律均表现出驼峰型,雌虫羽化最高峰出现在04:00-06:00,雄虫的羽化最高峰出现在16:00-18:00;2)羽化进程为33d,羽化高峰期为开始羽化后的15~33d,羽化数占总数的76.77%,雌虫较雄虫羽化早;3)交配行为分为相遇和交配。相遇包括相互避让、相互攻击、爬背、抱对、交配等;交配包括爬背、抱对和交配,部分具有配后保护行为;4)72h内交配不止一次的占30%,交配持续时间最短的为95s,最长的295s,平均(182±28)s;5)24h内抱对出现了两个高峰:18:00-20:00和20:00-22:00,抱对率分别为92.5%和90%,且差异不显著(P0.05),但是和其他时间段具有显著性差异(P0.05);6)24h内有两个交配高峰,分别为12:00-14:00和20:00-22:00,交配率分别为35%和40%,且和其他时间段呈显著差异(P0.05)。白星花金龟在00:00-08:00和16:00-20:00时间段未发生交配现象。     

昆虫性信息素及其类似物干扰昆虫行为的机理和应用研究进展

昆虫性信息素及其类似物在有害生物综合治理中起到了越来越重要的作用,如可以对目标昆虫进行监测、诱捕和迷向等。干扰昆虫行为是一种环境友好型的植物保护策略,近年来已在害虫防治领域广泛使用。干扰昆虫行为的机理一直是科学家研究的主要方向,明确其机理能使之得到更有效合理的应用。本文主要对昆虫性信息素及其类似物干扰昆虫行为的机理,以及缓释材料、施用剂量及密度、与其他挥发性物质在田间混合应用等方面的研究进展进行简要综述。     

辅助充种种盘玉米气吸式高速精量排种器设计

针对气吸式玉米精密排种器工作速度提高时充种效果不佳,从而导致作业漏播严重、风压需求量大等问题,设计了一种具有辅助充种作用种盘的玉米气吸式高速精量排种器。该排种器在充种区能够利用型孔凸台扰动种群和托持种子,起到辅助充种作用;在卸种区种子能够在型孔凸台推动力和卸种轮顶出力的作用下均匀排种。分析了排种器的工作区域,计算了排种器关键结构参数。运用EDEM(engineering discrete element method)软件仿真分析了不同种盘对种群的扰动情况,选取种群颗粒距种盘的平均距离、种群的平均速度、不同角速度下平均速度均值3个指标,得出所设计种盘能够有效增强种群离散程度,起到扰种的作用。加工试制了仿真所用的4种种盘,以速度、风压、种盘为因素,进行了3因素正交试验,通过极差分析和方差分析,确定了影响合格指数、重播指数、漏播指数的关键因素,并选取效果较好的种盘进行回归分析,通过回归方程得出所设计排种器在8、10、12、14 km/h作业速度下的最佳作业参数,并进行了试验验证。结果表明:所设计的排种器能够有效提高合格指数,降低高速作业漏播指数,在作业速度8～14 km/h时,风压为-3.21～-3.71 kPa之间时,合格指数均能达到91.3%以上,漏播指数均小于5.1%,重播指数均小于3.6%,各项指标优于国标要求,能实现有效排种。     

滑片型孔轮式水稻精量排种器排种性能数值模拟与试验

针对现有水稻旱直播机排种器适应性差和排种精度低的问题,该文设计了一种滑片型孔轮式排种器。引用球度表示水稻种子三轴尺寸,利用EDEM软件对3种球度水稻种子在6种排种轮转速下的排种器排种过程进行仿真试验,得到不同球度水稻种子在不同排种轮转速下的排种性能变化规律,分析了排种轮转速和种子球度对排种性能的影响。仿真结果表明：当排种轮转速在15～40 r/min时,冈优898种子的排种性能优于国丰一号种子和冈优3551种子的排种性能;当排种轮转速在15～30 r/min时,3种球度水稻种子的排种合格率在84.01%～87.91%之间;当排种轮转速大于30 r/min时,随着排种轮转速增加,排种合格率显著下降。在此基础上,选用不同球度的5个水稻品种种子为试验材料,选取排种轮转速和种子球度为试验因素,以排种合格率、漏播率和重播率为评价指标,采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,进行排种器台架试验。利用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件对试验结果数据进行分析,建立排种性能指标与排种轮转速和种子球度之间的回归方程,得到响应面图,并对仿真结果进行验证。根据回归方程进行优化,得到最佳工作参数：排种轮转速为27.12 r/min、种子球度为44.61%,此时,排种合格率为83.90%、漏播率为5.43%、重播率为10.67%,排种性能最佳;排种器台架试验结果与仿真结果基本相同,排种性能随排种轮转速和种子球度的变化规律一致。田间试验结果表明,排种器对各尺寸等级水稻种子的排种性能皆满足水稻精量穴直播的播种要求。研究结果可为滑片型孔轮式精量排种器的结构优化及排种性能提升提供参考。     

基于离散元的施肥机肥料块破碎装置参数的优化

为解决2BF–02型玉米全膜双垄沟扎穴施肥机作业因肥料结块而排肥不顺的问题,设计了一种由箱体和辊轮组成的肥料块破碎装置。在离散元软件EDEM中建立肥料块离散元模型,按照3因素3水平正交试验方案对肥料块破碎装置工作过程进行虚拟试验。结果表明:影响肥料块破碎率的因素由大到小依次为辊轮间距、辊轮转速、辊轮齿数。当辊轮间距为6 mm、辊轮转速为150 r/min、辊轮齿数60个时,肥料块破碎率为98.8%(最高值)。对仿真结果进行试验验证,结果肥料块破碎率为94.4%。     

Climate,female traits and population features as drivers of breeding timing in Mediterranean red deer populations

Understanding the factors that lead to variation in the timing of breeding in widespread species such as red deer (Cervus elaphus) is crucial to predict possible responses of wild populations to different climate scenarios. Here, we sought to further understand the causes of inter‐annual variation in the reproduction timing of female deer in Mediterranean environments. An integrative approach was used to identify the relative importance of individual, population and climate traits in the date of conception of free‐ranging deer, based on a dataset of 829 hinds culled during 12 years. We found that a population trait, density, was the most important factor explaining the variation in conception dates, with greater densities causing later conception dates. Body mass was the second in importance, with heavier females conceiving earlier than lighter ones. Almost equally important was the spring real bioclimatic index, a measure of plant productivity, causing later conception dates in the least productive springs (drier and hotter). Another climatic component, the end of summer drought, showed that the sooner the autumn arrives (greater rainfalls and cooler temperatures) the earlier the conception dates. Interestingly, age class was found to be a minor factor in determining conception date. Only older females (≥10 years old) conceived significantly later, suggesting reproductive senescence. This study highlights not only the importance of population and individual traits but also the influence of climatic parameters on the deer reproductive cycle in Mediterranean environments, giving valuable insight into how reproductive phenology may respond to seasonality and global climate changes.