豆粕对乌鳢肠道菌群组成及微生物氨基酸代谢酶活性的影响

为研究豆粕替代鱼粉对乌鳢生长、肠道菌群组成和微生物相关氨基酸代谢酶活性的影响,分别用豆粕替代0、25%、50%和75%的鱼粉配制4组等氮等能的饲料饲喂初始体质量为(8.65±0.25) g的幼鱼(分别命名为G1、G2、G3和G4组),养殖实验在室内纤维玻璃钢桶中进行,实验周期为21 d。结果显示,各组间幼鱼成活率无显著性差异;G4组乌鳢幼鱼的生长性能显著低于G1和G2组,而G3组幼鱼生长性能与其余3组差异不显著。厚壁菌门在G1和G2组乌鳢肠道中的比例显著高于G3组,且在G4组中的比例最低;变形菌门在G1和G2组中的比例显著低于G3和G4组;G4组中乳球菌属、杆菌属、假单胞菌属、链球菌属、芽孢杆菌属和不动杆菌属的比例显著低于其余3组。另外,G4组幼鱼肠道微生物谷丙转氨酶、腺苷脱氨酶活性显著高于其余3组,而G1组乳酸脱氢酶的活性最高。研究表明,豆粕替代鱼粉除了对乌鳢幼鱼的生长产生影响外,也显著影响了肠道微生物组成及微生物相关氨基酸代谢酶的活性,本研究结果对于从微生态角度进一步理解豆粕在乌鳢配合饲料中的应用提供了理论依据和参考。     

几种经济红藻中茉莉酸合成途径的关键物质

为研究几种经济红藻中茉莉酸合成途径的关键物质,实验采用液相色谱—质谱联用技术(LC-MS)对茉莉酸生物合成途径相关物质建立检测方法,并对龙须菜、坛紫菜受到机械损伤时各物质的变化情况进行检测。以100%甲醇提取茉莉酸(JA)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、12-氧-植物二烯酸(12-OPDA)和13-氢过氧化亚麻酸(13-HpOTE),利用XBridge TM C18色谱柱,以甲醇/水为流动相分离4种物质。优化条件下4种物质得到良好分离,加标回收率为81.23%～90.25%,检测限为0.04～0.56 ng/mL,灵敏度高。坛紫菜、龙须菜和真江蓠3种红藻中,坛紫菜中未检测到JA和13-HpOTE,4种物质均在另外2种藻中检测到。龙须菜受机械损伤胁迫后,4种物质在短时间内得到积累,其中13-HpOTE响应迅速。研究表明,红藻中可能存在类似于植物的茉莉酸合成途径,并参与对损伤的胁迫响应。     

臭氧在大菱鲆亲鱼养殖回用水系统中的应用

以臭氧在大菱鲆亲鱼养殖回用水系统中的工程实例数据,分析臭氧在养殖水处理系统中的杀菌效果、脱除转化氨氮的效能。结果表明,臭氧在该工艺流程中杀菌率可达51．82％,对氨氮 亚硝酸氮的平均去除率达56．30％,这表明臭氧应用于工厂化养殖水处理中具有较好效果。     

四甲基戊二酸对夏玉米光合生产特征的调控效应

为研究四甲基戊二酸(TGA)对夏玉米光合特征和产量的调控效应, 2018、2019年在中国农业科学院新乡试验基地开展大田试验,以中单909 (ZD909)和京农科728 (JNK728)为试验材料,设置5个TGA施用梯度(0、75、150、225和300 g hm^–2)。结果表明,适宜剂量的TGA处理可提高玉米产量、延缓玉米生育期内功能叶的衰老速率,增强灌浆期的净光合速率,试验条件下TGA的最佳施用量为150 g hm^–2。在TGA最佳施用量下, ZD909和JNK728的产量相比对照2年平均分别增加8.7%和11.7%。2个品种玉米生育期内叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和光合势相比对照平均分别增加14.3%和19.7%、18.7%和22.7%、10.9%和16.9%;而叶片衰老速率相比对照平均降低了55.9%和56.5%;灌浆期的净光合速率相比对照平均分别增加44.0%和58.4%。相关性分析表明,玉米产量与生育期内叶片衰老速率呈显著负相关,而与灌浆期净光合速率呈显著正相关。综上, TGA处理能够提高叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量,延缓玉米叶片衰老...     

Viral RNA extraction using an automatic nucleic acid extractor with magnetic particles and genetic characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Tokachi Province,Japan, in 2016–2017

In this study, the viral genome extraction performance of automatic nucleic acid extractors and manual nucleic acid extraction kits was compared. We showed that compared with manual kits, the automatic extractors showed superior genome extraction performance using bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) genome-positive cattle sera and bovine coronavirus/infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus-spiked cattle nasal swabs. In addition, the subgenotyping of BVDV strains detected in Tokachi Province in Japan during 2016–2017 was performed. Results showed that most of these BVDV strains belonged to subgenotype 1b, while few strains belonged to subgenotypes 1a and 2a. This study showed the high applicability of automatic nucleic acid extractors in extracting multiple viral genomes and the dominant subgenotype of BVDV in Tokachi.     

Potentially Beneficial Effects on Healthy Aging by Supplementation of the EPA-Rich Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum or Its Supernatant—A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial in Elderly Individuals

Dietary supplements that promote healthy aging are mostly warranted in an aging society. Because of age-related risks, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agents such as microalgae are potential candidates for intervention. In a randomized controlled trial, we tested Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT), a microalgae rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), carotenoids, vitamins, and β-glucans, cultured in bioreactors. In this pilot trial, 19 healthy elderly received supplements for two weeks based on either the whole PT (A), the β-1,3-glucan-rich PT supernatant (SupB), the combination thereof (A+SupB), or a Comparator product (Comp). The primary outcome variable plasma interleukin-6 was reduced after treatment with A+SupB compared to the Comp group (p = 0.04). The mobility parameters 5 s sit-to-stand test (p = 0.04 in the A group) and by trend gait speed (p = 0.08 in the A+SupB diet) were improved compared to Comp. No treatment effects were observed for fatty acids, compared to Comp but omega-6 to -3 fatty acid ratio (p = 0.006) and arachidonic acid/EPA ratio (p = 0.006) were reduced within group A+SupB. Further, the SupB study product reduced faecal zonulin (p = 0.03) compared to the Comp. The data revealed an anti-inflammatory and potentially anti-oxidative effect of particular PT preparations, suggesting that they might be suitable for effects in healthy elderly.     

Physicochemical,Structural and Antioxidant Properties of Collagens from the Swim Bladder of Four Fish Species

This study aimed to isolate and characterize pepsin-solubilized collagen (PSC) from marine and freshwater fish swim bladders. The physicochemical properties, protein pattern, amino acid composition, structure, thermal denaturation temperature, and antioxidant activity of PSC from four different swim bladder sources were investigated and compared. The results demonstrated that the four types of collagen extracted were all type I collagen. The yield of PSC extracted from grass carp (GCSB-PSC), bighead carp (BCSB-PSC), grouper (GSB-PSC), and monkfish swim bladders (MSB-PSC) were 38.98, 27.97, 18.16, and 10.35%, respectively. Compared to the other three PSCs, BCSB-PSC has the highest thermal denaturation temperature (38.60 °C). Based on FTIR spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD) analysis, the extracted PSCs retained the triple helix and secondary structure well. Antioxidant studies showed that in the swim bladders of four species the swim bladder PSC could scavenge DPPH and ABTS radicals. Overall, swim bladders from marine and freshwater fish can be utilized as raw materials for collagen extraction, and the extracted collagen has potential commercial applications.     

NaF和PFOS对斑马鱼肝脏抗氧化能力、非特异性免疫及组织结构的影响

为探讨有机氟化物和无机氟化物单一及联合暴露对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)肝脏的毒性效应,本研究将雄性斑马鱼随机分为对照组、氟化钠(NaF,无机氟)暴露组、全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS,有机氟)暴露组、NaF+PFOS(无机氟及有机氟联合)暴露组,经15、30 d暴露试验后,检测了血液硝基蓝四氮唑(NBT)阳性细胞数及肝脏...     

杏花芽分化期芽和叶片核酸含量的变化

用摘叶法确定兰州大接杏从6月初至7月10日左右为花芽生理分化期,7月中旬开始进入形态分化。整个分化期芽中DNA含量变化呈双峰曲线,第1个高峰在生化分化后期,第2个高峰出现在大部分雌蕊、雄蕊进入分化时;RNA／DNA比值也呈双峰曲线,两个高峰出现的时间恰在DNA两次高峰出现之前;RNA和总核酸含量变化趋势相同,生理分化期持续上升,果实成熟前短时下降,进入形态分化期后快速增加,并保持高水平。叶片中DNA含量在生理分化期增加并在后期出现高峰,RNA／DNA比值一直下降;形态分化期总核酸、DNA、RNA含量和RNA／DNA比值的变化与芽内同期变化趋势相似。     

不同采收期对南果梨果实糖酸含量的影响

研究了不同采收期对南国梨果实糖酸组成成分及含量的影响。结果表明:不同采收期不影响南果梨的产量,但影响果实糖、酸的组成成分及含量;适当晚收有利于提高果实总糖、总酸、果糖、蔗糖、柠檬酸及苹果酸的含量,降低果实中奎宁酸的含量,有利于提高果实的品质和风味。