中亚热带区不同秋眠级紫花苜蓿品种生产性能比较

为评价不同秋眠强度紫花苜蓿品种在福建中亚热带生产性能,选择秋眠级数(FD)3、5、7、9.5的紫花苜蓿品种在福建延平、福建建阳进行品种比较试验,测定越夏率、年度产草量、产草量季节动态、营养成分,结果表明:秋眠级数为7的阿瑞博表现最优,越夏率为67%,在延平、建阳年度鲜草产量分别为4 7931kg/hm2、62 505kg/hm2,干草产量分别为12 373.2kg/hm2、13 344.8kg/hm2,初花期粗蛋白含量28.0%。秋眠级数为3的苜蓿王初花期粗蛋白含量最高(33.4%),但越夏率和产草量最低。秋眠级数为9.5的萨兰多在秋季保持较高的产草量,但越夏率和春夏季产草量均低于阿瑞博。选择春季生长迅速,耐旱、耐热的非秋眠品种是中亚热带区紫花苜蓿生产的关键。     

Dynamics in debris-flow activity on a forested cone — A case study using different dendroecological approaches

Dendrogeomorphological analyses of trees affected by debris flows have regularly been used to date past events. However, this method has always been limited to forested cones where trees registered the impact of previous events. The minimum age dating of trees growing in the debris deposits can, in contrast, provide information on the latest possible moment of past activity. In this paper, we report on results obtained from a combination of these two approaches on a forested cone in the Valais Alps (Switzerland). A detailed geomorphic map in a scale of 1:1000 served as a basis for the sampling strategy. Disturbed Larix decidua Mill. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. trees growing in the deposits allowed reconstruction of 49 events between AD 1782 and 2005 as well as the determination of the spatial extent of events. In the debris-flow channels where survivor trees are missing, we selected the oldest post-event trees and assessed their age by counting their growth rings. Missing rings due to lack of center as well as to sampling height were added so as to determine real tree age. The combination of the dendrogeomorphological event reconstruction with the assessment of germination dates of successor trees allowed realistic approximation of the minimum time elapsed since the last debris-flow activity in 23 of the 29 channels present on the current-day cone surface. In general, channels in the northern part of the cone and those close to the currently active channel generally show signs of (sub-) recent activity with one last overbank sedimentation event in the 1980s, whereas signs of debris-flow activity are absent from the channels in the outermost part since the late 19th century. As a consequence of the deeply incised channel and the stabilization measures undertaken along the banks, signs of debris flows are missing in the tree-ring record for the past two decades.     

Gully and sheet erosion on subtropical mountain slopes: Their respective roles and the scale effect

As most mountains in tropical and subtropical zones, the Western Sierra Madre suffers active present erosion, which may create some constraints to the social and economic development in the area.The objectives of this study of soil degradation in the Western Sierra Madre, are to determine the respective roles of gully and sheet erosion. This research is based on field observations, field measurements of runoff and, soil losses at the plot, as well as the watershed scales as an analysis of an exhaustive census of the few gullies located in an experimental area.Measured soil losses in the Western Sierra Madre are high although there are few gullies. Most of the sediment yield seems to originate in widespread degraded areas where stoniness is the main evidence of a previous stage of erosion. Previously overgrazing and deforestation were determined as the factors of the appearance of new soil surface characteristics which explain the high runoff and sediment productions. The soil compacted by cattle trampling reduces infiltration. The decrease of the vegetation cover triggers a rise in the splash effect and thus, a soil sealing.These processes induce an increase in runoff and soil losses. The main erosion type has been described as sheet erosion: it is characterised by the removal of fine soil particles and the remains of gravels, pebbles and blocks, which constitute a pavement on the soil. Gullies generally appear on the bottom of wide valleys and depressions, where soils are thick. It is shown that sheet erosion is two orders of magnitude higher than gully erosion at the hillslope scale.Due to the spatial distribution of land use and the geological context such as the heavily degraded areas close to the main rivers, the reduction of runoff and soil loss rates within the extension of a considered area, commonly observed in hydrology, only applies up to the elementary catchments scale (1 to 50 km²). Above this area, runoff coefficient and soil loss rates increase.     

Impervious surface impacts to runoff and sediment discharge under laboratory rainfall simulation

Urbanization of watersheds previously managed for agricultural uses results in hydrologic changes associated with increased flooding and erosion. Few studies have been conducted to quantify these effects under controlled conditions and standard rainfall simulation methodologies have not been previously established. In this study, a laboratory rainfall simulation procedure was developed and utilized to evaluate hydrologic and sheet erosional responses to various configurations of impervious surface cover at the small scale. Runoff and sediment losses from a sloped (5%) cascade of soil boxes having 50% impervious cover located at the top of the slope or at the bottom of the slope, or having 0% impervious cover were measured. Results indicate that the 50% upslope impervious treatment generated sediment at 3–5 times the rate of the 50% downslope impervious treatment. Upslope impervious cover resulted in initially lower water runoff rates than channel development, but this effect narrowed or reversed with continued rainfall. These results suggest that upslope impervious surfaces may represent a larger total on-site erosion risk than equivalent impervious surfaces located at lower positions along the slope, especially under high antecedent soil moisture and/or high intensity rainfall.     

紫色土丘陵区典型坡地产流及产沙模拟试验研究

应用人工模拟降雨实验,对紫色土丘陵区坡地产流及产沙特征进行了研究.(1)地表径流初始产流时间随着雨强和坡度的增加而加快,在0.7～9.5 min之间变化;壤中流初始产流时间变化复杂,在2.6～46.4 min之间变化,雨强是影响低坡度壤中流初始产流时间的主要因子;(2)地表径流累积量与雨强、坡度均成正比关系,壤中流累积量随着坡度和雨强的增大呈现出减小趋势;(3)地表径流雨后消退迅速,退水常数k(Barnes法)值为0.41～0.66,壤中流消退缓慢,退水常数为0.91～0.99;(4)同一降雨历时下,相对坡度而言,雨强是决定产沙量的主要因子,产沙量在23.4～972.3 g/(m2·h)之间变化;在同一雨强下,产沙量随着坡度的增大而增加.就紫色土坡地而言,改良耕作制度和耕作措施,实施因地制宜的水保措施,提高坡地土壤入渗率和持水量,使降雨径流以壤中流形式产生,能更有效地防治水土流失.     

桤柏混交林林下植被结构及生物量动态

林下植被是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,在森林生态系统的物质循环、生物多样性以及演替、发展等方面具有重要的作用.选取具有代表性的10,15,20,25 a桤(Aluns cremastogyme)柏(Cupressus fu-nebris)混交林和由桤柏混交林演替而来的30 a纯柏林为研究对象,研究了川中丘陵区桤柏混交林的林下植被结构及生物量的动态变化.(1)灌丛和草本的物种丰富度在10～20 a间增加,20～30 a间,灌丛物种丰富度显著降低,草本层无明显变化.(2)灌丛和草本层的高度在10～15 a间显著增加,15～30 a间缓慢降低,灌丛高度具较大的空间异质性.(3)灌丛和草本层的盖度在15 a前后有显著的上升和下降,20～30a间无显著的变化;草本层的盖度高于灌丛,且空间异质性小于灌从.(4)灌丛生物量在15 a前后有显著增加和下降,20～30 a间相对稳定;草本层生物量在10～30 a间呈波动性变化,但总体上呈下降趋势.研究结果表明,在桤柏混交林的生长发育过程中,林下植被的结构和功能呈逐渐退化趋势.     

近20年藏北草地地表参数动态变化研究

草地的覆盖度、地表反照率和地表温度是评价、监测牧草生长状况和草地退化的重要参数.利用1982～2000年NOAA/AVHRR 1、2、4、5通道的10天合成资料以及常用的遥感反演和统计方法,分析了近20年藏北那曲地区3个参数的时空变化规律.主要结果:植被区内牧草覆盖度0.1～0.95,年变率-0.012～0.012 a-1,24%的草地在退化,变异系数0.05～0.6,植被覆盖度与变异系数成反比;6～9月平均地表反照率0.152～0.300,年变率-0.009～0.007 a-1,51%的草地在退化,变异系数0.02～0.23;7～8月平均地表温度20～44℃.结论:植被生长越好,植被覆盖度越高,地表反照率越小,地表温度越低.每个参数均可单独评价和监测草地退化,但综合考虑各个参数将更客观、更合理.     

海蜇头糖蛋白超声辅助提取工艺研究

为提高海蜇头糖蛋白提取效果,采用超声辅助提取工艺,在单因素试验的基础上,采用超声处理时间、超声功率和提取时间三因素三水平响应面分析试验以优化此工艺条件.结果表明:海蜇头目标糖蛋白超声辅助提取的最佳工艺条件为超声处理时间15 min,超声功率300 W,提取时间60 min;在此工艺条件下,糖蛋白实际得率为9.14%,与模型预测值之间具有较好的拟合性.在3个因素中,超声处理时间,超声功率对糖蛋白得率的影响极显著,提取时间影响不显著,且相互之间无交互效应.     

湿润速度对土壤表面强度和土壤团聚体结构的影响

为揭示地表结皮形成的物理机制和防止结皮形成的措施提供理论支持,该文以中国3种典型的土壤(黄土、红壤和黑土)为研究对象,采用2mmI/h(慢速),10mm/h(中速),50mm/h(快速)3种湿润速度,研究无降雨条件下不同湿润速度对土壤表面强度和土壤团聚体结构的影响.结果表明:不同湿润速度对3种土壤的表面强度的影响程度由大到小为黄土,黑土,红壤;3种土壤中,红壤的团聚体稳定性最好,其次是黑土,黄土最差;除黄土和红壤各自慢速湿润与中速湿润对平均质量直径(MWD)的影响差异不显著,其余各种土壤不同湿润速度对MWD的影响差异均显著.     

基于3S技术的区域性耕地资源变化影响评价模式研究

针对目前尚未形成国内外公认的耕地资源变化影响评价方法,该文提出基于耕地生产能力评价指标体系、耕地质量评价指标体系以及耕地自然等和利用等指标体系的3种区域性耕地资源评价指标体系,确定3种基于3S技术的耕地资源变化影响评价模式.与基于粮食单产划分耕地等级进行评价的传统方法,共同构成了区域性耕地资源变化影响评价的4种方案.还分析了4种评价方案的思想基础、特点及实用性的差异.并以东北地区为案例,利用耕地自然等和利用等指标体系方法,分析了1993～2003年东北耕地变化对粮食生产能力的影响.此外,提出作物种植结构以及作物品种变化对粮食生产能力影响评价的建议.为区域性耕地资源变化影响评价方法体系提供参考和借鉴.