Potential of indigenous Bacillus spp. as probiotic feed supplements in an extruded low‐fish‐meal diet for juvenile olive flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

A 12‐week feeding trial was designed to assess the probiotic potential of indigenous Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and/or Bacillus subtilis singly or in combination with Bacillus licheniformis in an extruded feed for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) juveniles. A high fish meal (FM) diet (control) and a low‐FM diet containing an alternative protein blend (30% FM replacement, FM30) were formulated. Three other experimental diets were prepared by inclusion of B. amyloliquefaciens (BA), B. subtilis (BS), or a mixture of B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, and B. licheniformis (BASL) into FM30 diet, with a final concentration of 10⁶ CFU/g diet. Results indicated that the FM30 diet was well tolerated by flounder, and the overall performance was not affected by dietary treatments. Lysozyme activity and total immunoglobulin level were significantly reduced in flounders when fed with the FM30 diet compared with the BASL and BA diets, respectively. The Bacillus additives neither enriched the relative abundance of the corresponding Bacillus spp. in the relevant gut microbiota of olive flounder nor modulated the presumptive gene functions of the gut microbiome. Despite the absence of growth‐promoting effect, the tested probiotics could still be economically viable for use as immunostimulants in commercial flounder diets with partial FM replacement.     

健康与患病凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群结构及功能差异研究

为探究病害发生后健康与患病凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群结构和功能的差异,并筛选肠道指示菌群来评估宿主健康状况,评价凡纳滨对虾肠道菌落的功能冗余性。实验采集健康和患病凡纳滨对虾样品,通过Illumina高通量测序技术测定肠道菌群组成,并利用PICRUSt进行功能预测,以此比较健康与患病凡纳滨对虾肠道微生物的群落结构和功能差异,并预测功能与群落组成的相关性。结果显示,病害的发生伴随着肠道菌群结构的显著变化,而多样性无显著差异。与健康凡纳滨对虾肠道细菌组成相比,患病凡纳滨对虾肠道中放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)相对丰度降低,而γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)增加。同时,筛选出16个指示细菌科,能够很好地指示宿主健康状况。与健康组相比,患病凡纳滨对虾中参与弧菌侵染的过程显著增加,而溶酶体和过氧化物酶等免疫功能代谢过程显著减弱。此外,肠道微生物群落结构与功能组成呈显著正相关,表明凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群组成具有较低的功能冗余性。研究表明,健康与患病凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群结构存在显著差异,并且由细菌介导的功能随之发生改变,能够用指示微生物评估宿主健康状况。     

Multiple effects of grape seed polyphenolics to prevent metabolic diseases

Obesity is increasing in developing countries. Population studies show a relationship between affluence and obesity. Changing food intake patterns with affluence such as preference for foods with less astringent polyphenolic compounds and dietary fibers may increase risk of metabolic dysfunctions due to caloric imbalance. Animal models of obesity consistently show that grape seed procyanidins prevent increases in body and abdo- minal adipose weight gain, plasma cholesterol, liver weight gain and inflammation in animals on high fat diets. The mechanisms are not clear because the oral intake of procyanidins results in pleiotropic interactions with proteins in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, cecum and colon that affect the rate of digestion of bioavailability of macronutrients, sterols, and dietary fiber. Procyanidins also bind bile acids and reduce intestinal permeability to inflammatory bacterial cell wall fragment. Procyanidins are not degraded or metabolized until reaching the lower gut where they can be metabolized into phenolic acids by gut bacteria. While they are metabolized by gut bacteria, they also alter total numbers and distribution of phyla and species of gut bacteria. Gut bacteria are recognized as significant contributors to obesity and obesity related metabolic diseases. The review examines the different pleiotropic effects of grape seed procyanidins that have a significant effect on metabolic disease in animal models of obesity.     

持续偏热环境对肉鸡盲肠菌群多样性的影响

【目的】环境温度是影响家禽肠道菌群的重要因素之一,随着环境温度的改变,家禽肠道正常菌群也会受到影响,研究持续偏热环境对肉鸡肠道微生物多样性及结构的影响,为肉鸡健康养殖提供理论依据。【方法】试验选取22 d爱拔益加（AA）肉鸡144只转入环境控制舱,随机分成3个处理组（21、26和31℃）,每个处理6个重复,每个重复8只鸡（公母各4只）,在21℃、相对湿度60%的环境下适应7 d。29 d时,试验温度分别调整到21、26和31℃,相对湿度60%,至试验结束,共14 d。于试验第7、14天末,每处理随机选取6只（公母各3只;每重复选1只）,无菌采集盲肠内容物,将同一处理组的6个样品混合均匀,迅速放入无菌的离心管中,液氮速冻,-80℃冰箱保存备用。采用16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE分子技术,结合共性和特异性条带割胶回收DNA进行克隆和测序,分析持续偏热处理7、14 d时,对盲肠内容物菌群的结构和多样性的影响。【结果】（1）26、31℃组肉仔鸡盲肠DGGE条带数（菌群丰富程度）均低于21℃组,且31℃组低于26℃组;31℃组肉仔鸡盲肠DGGE条带数,在试验14 d明显低于试验7 d;（2）不同组之间聚类图和多样性指数分析可知,26、31℃组对肉鸡盲肠菌群的影响较大,且31℃组肉鸡盲肠菌群多样性,在试验14 d明显低于试验7 d;（3）DGGE图谱条带序列分析表明,适温和偏热环境下肉鸡盲肠内的共性菌群是Alistipes timonensis和Barnesiella viscericola,21℃组肉鸡盲肠中特异性菌群是Ruminococus faecis,26、31℃组肉鸡盲肠中特异性菌群是Lutispora thermophila和Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,31℃组肉鸡盲肠中特异性菌群是Gemmiger formicilis。【结论】持续偏热处理（26和31℃）与21℃组相比,影响肉鸡肠道菌群的结构和多样性,且不同偏热程度、偏热处理时间对肉鸡影响程度不同。     

蜜蜂肠道菌群的调节作用及影响因素

近年来, 蜜蜂数量的大量减少导致全球养蜂业面临重要的经济损失,并对农业各个方面造成了严重后果。最新的研究表明肠道菌群与宿主的健康息息相关。综述了肠道菌群的种类和特性,阐述了肠道菌群在蜜蜂等昆虫健康中的调节作用及影响肠道菌群的因素,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

Effect of dietary glutathione supplementation on the biological value of rapeseed meal to juvenile grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary rapeseed meal (RM) and glutathione supplementation (400 mg kg^?1) on growth and intestinal microbiota of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Dietary 450 g kg^?1 RM decreased growth and feed intake, while increased the activities of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT). The hepatic damages were also observed the significant lower condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI) and the symbol of parenchymal damage. Glutathione supplementation increased weight gain and feed intake while significantly decreased the three serum biochemistry parameters compared with the RM group. In addition, HSI, CF and pathology reports revealed that glutathione supplementation alleviated the damage caused by RM on the fish liver. In addition, glutathione had a positive effect on the intestinal digestive capacity. PCR‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis indicated a higher similarity between dietary glutathione supplementation and control group. In conclusion, we demonstrated dietary 450 g kg^?1 rapeseed meal lead to negative health outcomes, while glutathione supplementation neutralize the adverse effect of rapeseed meal presented in aqua feed through alleviating the damage factors on the fish liver.     

Effect of Bacillus subtilis (DSM 17299) on performance,digestibility, intestine morphology,and pH in broiler chickens

This study investigated the effect of supplementation of a Bacillus subtilis strain DSM 17299 on broilers, including evaluation of performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and content pH. The treatments also were evaluated for economic value based on performance and dietary costs. Performance was improved for probiotic treated birds for wk one through 5 post hatch, and economic evaluation at wk 6 demonstrated that the addition of the probiotic reduced production costs. Total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and apparent metabolizable energy were improved in probiotic supplemented broiler chickens. Addition of the probiotic increased the pH of the intestinal content. The relative weight and relative length of the duodenum decreased by probiotic supplementation. Overall, B. subtilis DSM 17299 resulted in an improvement in performance and a decrease in production costs when fed to broiler chickens. The increases in nutrient digestibility of birds fed the B. subtilis DSM 17299 correlate well with the increased performance noted over the same growing periods.     

The effect of dietary lysozyme with EDTA on growth performance and intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens in each period of the growth cycle

Lysozyme is a potential replacement for antibiotics in the poultry industry. Two trials were conducted using new or used litter to determine the effect of 100 ppm lysozyme in feed on growth performance and intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens in each period of the growth cycle. The new litter trial and used litter trial were each analyzed as a one-way analysis of variance with length of time in which 100 ppm lysozyme was fed to the birds as the main factor (no lysozyme d zero to 35; positive lysozyme d zero to 4; positive lysozyme d 5 to 14; positive lysozyme d 15 to 24; positive lysozyme d 25 to 35; positive lysozyme d zero to 35; positive virginiamycin d zero to 35). Effects of lysozyme were not detected under clean conditions (P > 0.05). When used litter was provided, growth performance was not improved by lysozyme (P > 0.05). However, feeding lysozyme to birds from d 5 to 14 and throughout the trial reduced the number of E. coli in the ileum compared with feeding virginiamycin (positive lysozyme d 5 to 14 and zero to 35, and virginiamycin d zero to 35: 1.7 × 10⁴ cfu g⁻¹, 1.9 × 10⁴ cfu g⁻¹ and 9.3 × 10⁴ cfu g⁻¹, respectively) to birds (P < 0.05). Dietary lysozyme at 100 ppm can change intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens.     

酵母培养物对产蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及鸡蛋卫生指标的影响

本试验旨在研究酵母培养物(YC)对产蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及鸡蛋卫生指标的影响。选取2 304只210日龄的罗曼褐产蛋鸡,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复192只产蛋鸡。对照组(YC0组)饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验组(YC0.2组、YC0.4组和YC0.6组)分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.2%、0.4%和0.6%酵母培养物的试验饲粮。试验期9周。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,YC0.4组和YC0.6组平均蛋重显著增加(P0.05),破蛋率显著降低(P0.05);YC0.2组、YC0.4组和YC0.6组软蛋率显著降低(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,YC0.4组和YC0.6组蛋壳厚度显著增大(P0.05);YC0.2组、YC0.4组和YC0.6组蛋黄颜色的亮度值显著降低(P0.05),黄度值显著升高(P0.05);YC0.6组蛋黄颜色的红度值显著升高(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,试验第3、9周,YC0.2组、YC0.4组和YC0.6组的蛋壳表面大肠菌群数量显著降低(P0.05);试验第3、6周,YC0.4组蛋壳表面细菌总数显著降低(P0.05)。4)对照组组相比,YC0.6组粗蛋白质、能量和干物质表观消化率显著提高(P0.05)。5)与对照组相比,YC0.2组、YC0.4组和YC0.6组盲肠乳酸杆菌数量显著降低(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮添加0.4%和0.6%的酵母培养物能够改善产蛋鸡蛋品质,提高饲料消化率;饲粮添加0.2%、0.4%和0.6%酵母培养物均能够改善产蛋鸡的生产性能,减少大肠杆菌的数量,抑制盲肠中沙门氏菌的产生。综合考虑,产蛋鸡饲粮中酵母培养物适宜添加量为0.4%。