日粮蛋白水平对育肥藏羊瘤胃细菌多样性的影响

为了研究不同蛋白水平对育肥藏羊瘤胃细菌多样性的影响，选取健康且体况相近的3月龄早期断奶藏羊公羔15只，平均体重为(（22.05 ± 2.06) kg，随机分为3组，日粮粗蛋白水平分别为10.08%（Ⅰ组），12.84%（Ⅱ组）和14.97%（Ⅲ组）。预试期7 d，正试期112 d。饲养实验结束后对试验羊进行屠宰并于不同位点采集瘤胃液样品，测定瘤胃细菌的相对丰度。结果表明：（1）Shannon指数和Simpson指数各组之间无显著性差异（P > 0.05），ACE指数和Chao l指数Ⅰ组显著高于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组（P < 0.05）。（2）门水平下，拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）为瘤胃细菌的优势菌门，且均随日粮蛋白水平提高而显著增加（P < 0.05）；变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）相对丰度Ⅱ组显著较高（P > 0.05）。（3）科水平下，毛螺菌科（Lachnospiraceae）相对丰度较高，但各组之间差异不显著（P > 0.05）； 瘤胃球菌科（Ruminococcaceae）相对丰度Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组（P < 0.05）；韦荣氏菌科（Veillonellaceae）相对丰度Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组（P < 0.05）。（4）属水平下，Prevotella（普雷沃氏菌属）的相对丰度Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组（P < 0.05），瘤胃球菌属（Ruminococcus）Ⅱ组相对丰度显著较高（P < 0.05）。 （5）PCA分析显示各组间瘤胃细菌结构差异不明显，但采食低蛋白水平日粮的藏羊瘤胃细菌相似度更高，能更好聚类在一起。综上可知，不同蛋白水平对育肥藏羊瘤胃细菌多样性无显著影响，但可影响其丰富度；同时随着日粮蛋白水平的提高，厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）相对丰度显著增加，普雷沃氏菌属（Prevotella）在日粮蛋白水平为14.97%时更适宜生长，瘤胃球菌属（Ruminococcus）则在日粮蛋白水平为12.84%时活性更高。     

新型抗菌物质凹凸棒土对凡纳滨对虾生长、抗氧化能力和肠道菌群的影响

为研究新型抗菌物质凹凸棒土对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、消化能力、抗氧化能力和肠道菌群的影响。实验选取初始体质量为（0.17±0.01）g的幼虾，分别投喂0% (对照)、0.1% (S1)、0.2% (S2)、0.4% (S3)、0.8% (S4)含量的凹凸棒土饲料，以及含有0.2%恩诺沙星抗生素对比组饲料(E)，养殖8周。凹凸棒土处理组对虾增重率均未见显著提升，但S1、S2组对虾存活率显著高于对照组，与E组没有显著差异。相比于对照组，凹凸棒土添加组提高了幼虾肠道淀粉酶活性，以及肝胰腺中脂肪酶活性。S2组对虾血清酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于对照组和E组。S3和S4组对虾的肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于其他组。肠道菌群α多样性分析显示，S2组肠道微生物丰富度Chao1指数有所下降，但是覆盖度显著提高。与对照组相比，S2组部分属的丰度调节作用与恩诺沙星类似。根据代谢通路差异分析与种间关系作图，与E组相比，凹凸棒土能够上调牛磺酸、谷胱甘肽、半乳糖和脂肪酸代谢的4条通路，并增加肠道微生物种间合作能力。在饲料中添加0.1%~0.2%的凹凸棒土能够显著提高凡纳滨对虾的成活率、消化能力和肝胰腺抗氧化能力，并在调节对虾肠道部分菌群丰度方面起到类似于恩诺沙星的作用，能改善肠道菌群结构和相应功能。     

Insights into host-microbe interaction:What can we do for the swine industry?

Recent discoveries have underscored the cross-talk between intestinal microbes and their hosts. Notably, intestinal microbiota impacts the development, physiological function and social behavior of hosts. This influence usually revolves around the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). In this review, we firstly outline the impacts of the host on colonization of intestinal microorganisms, and then highlight the influence of intestinal microbiota on hosts focusing on short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and tryptophan metabolite-mediated MGBA. We also discuss the intervention of intestinal microbial metabolism by dietary supplements, which may provide new strategies for improving the welfare and production of pigs. Overall, we summarize a state-of-the-art theory that gut microbiome affects brain functions via metabolites from dietary macronutrients.     

Germinated brown rice relieves hyperlipidemia by alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis

Hyperlipidemia is a frequent metabolic disorder that is closely associated with diet.  It is believed that brown rice, containing the outer bran layer and germ, is beneficial for the remission of hyperlipidemia.  This study established a rat model of hyperlipidemia by feeding a high-fat diet.  The hypolipidemic potential of germinated brown rice (Gbrown) and germinated black rice (a germinated black-pigmented brown rice, Gblack) were explored in the model rats, mainly in the aspects of blood lipids, lipases, apolipoproteins, and inflammation.  The gut microbiota in hyperlipidemic rats receiving diverse dietary interventions was determined by 16S rDNA sequencing.  The results showed that the intervention of Gbrown/Gblack alleviated the hyperlipidemia in rats, evidenced by decreased TC, TG, LDL-C, and apolipoprotein B, and increased HDL-C, HL, LPL, LCAT, and apolipoprotein A1.  Gbrown/Gblack also weakened the inflammation in hyperlipidemia rats, evidenced by decreased TNF-α, IL-6, and ET-1.  In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the diet of Gbrown/Gblack elevated the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota in hyperlipidemia rats.  At the phylum level, Gbrown/Gblack decreased Firmicutes, increased Bacteroidetes, and decreased the F/B ratio in hyperlipidemia rats.  At the genus level, Gbrown/Gblack decreased Streptococcus and increased Ruminococcus and Allobaculum in hyperlipidemia rats.  Some differential microbial genera relating to lipid metabolism were also determined, such as the Lachnospira and Ruminococcus in the Gblack group, and the Phascolarctobacterium, Dorea, Turicibacter, and Escherichia-Shigella in the Gbrown group.  Notably, the beneficial effect of Gblack was stronger than Gbrown.  To sum up, the dietary interventions of Gbrown/Gblack contributed to the remission of hyperlipidemia by alleviating the dysbiosis of gut microbiota.     

姜黄素调控肠道菌群及抗病毒作用研究进展

姜黄素作为一种天然的多酚类植物提取物，具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗应激和改善动物肠道健康等多种生物学功能，已成为一种绿色安全高效的饲料添加剂。近年研究表明，姜黄素与肠道菌群存在紧密的相互作用。姜黄素能调控肠道菌群的组成和多样性，肠道菌群则影响姜黄素的转化。这种双向调控作用或许是姜黄素发挥生理功能的关键。此外，姜黄素被证实通过不同的机制抵抗多种病毒的感染，提示其具有成为新型抗病毒药物的潜力。因此，本文主要综述了姜黄素与肠道菌群之间的相互作用及姜黄素抵抗不同病毒感染的相关机制，以期为深入了解姜黄素对改善动物健康的作用机制和开发新型绿色饲料添加剂提供理论依据。     

黄粉虫（Tenebrio molitor）肠道中聚乳酸塑料降解菌的筛选及其降解特性

聚乳酸（polylactic acid,PLA）材料是一种环境友好型的可降解塑料,在堆肥或高温条件下可以快速生物降解,但在自然条件下降解缓慢,产生大量的微塑料。本研究拟从黄粉虫肠道中筛选具有降解聚乳酸能力的微生物,鉴定降解菌的种类及测定降解菌的降解特性。采用PLA粉末为唯一食物喂养黄粉虫60 d,将其肠道提取液接种在以PLA为唯一碳源的固体培养基上进行富集、筛选及纯化降解菌。结合菌种形态观察、扫描电镜分析的方法和ITS序列序列信息构建系统进化树确定降解菌的分类;将筛选菌接入添加不同营养条件下的PLA液体发酵培养基,测定其降解效能。结果筛选出11株具有降解PLA塑料潜力的菌株,其中一株鉴定为真菌毛栓孔菌（Trametes hirsuta）FJ001菌株,接种在含有1.0%葡萄糖的PLA薄膜无机盐液体培养基中连续培养30 d,降解率可达20.1%。研究表明,黄粉虫肠道存在对PLA塑料有一定降解性的真菌,为降解聚乳酸材料微生物资源的开发提供了理论依据。     

亚成体胡兀鹫肠道菌群分离及生物特性分析

为探究胡兀鹫肠道菌群多样性，本研究利用5种培养基进行胡兀鹫肠道菌分离、培养、鉴定、耐药性试验及抑菌测定。结果表明：共分离到27株肠道菌，隶属于2门8属12种；这些菌株对3～22种抗生素及抗菌药物具有耐药性；屎肠球菌对5种常见肠道致病菌具有一定的抑制作用，粪肠球菌仅对大肠杆菌有抑制效果。     

复方植物精油对黄羽肉鸡生产性能和肠道菌群的影响

【目的】探究肉豆蔻和罗勒复方精油对黄羽肉鸡生产性能和肠道菌群的影响，为该复方精油作为 饲料添加剂在肉鸡生产中应用提供参考。【方法】试验选用 1 日龄雌性江村黄鸡 3 942 只，随机分为 3 个处理组（复 方精油低剂量组、复方精油高剂量组和空白对照组）。试验期为 60 d，在肉鸡 60 日龄时称重，统计存活个体数、 死淘数以及饲料消耗等生产数据，计算肉鸡的合格品出栏率、增重和料肉比；各组随机抽取 5 只鸡，断颈处死， 分别取空肠和盲肠内容物，提取细菌核酸，进行 16S rDNA V3 ~V4 可变区高通量测序，分析肉鸡空肠和盲肠的肠 道菌群。【结果】肉豆蔻和罗勒复方精油高剂量组和低剂量组的料肉比均为 2.40，极显著低于空白对照组的 2.71 （P<0.01），饲料转化率均提高 11.4%。空肠菌群分析结果表明，门水平上的优势菌为厚壁菌门，其次是放线菌 门；属水平上的优势菌为乳酸菌属；复方精油高剂量组与低剂量组空肠的疣微菌门相对丰度均显著低于空白对 照组（P<0.05），复方精油低剂量组空肠假单胞菌属、双歧杆菌属、韦荣氏球菌属的相对丰度均显著高于空白 对照组（P<0.05）。盲肠菌群分析结果表明，门水平上的优势菌为厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门；复方精油高、低剂量 组的 Clostridia_vadinBB60_group 属和另枝菌属相对丰度均显著低于空白对照组（P<0.05），复方精油高剂量组 Clostridia_UCG-014 属的相对丰度显著低于空白对照组（P<0.05）。复方精油高剂量组拟杆菌属相对丰度显著高 于空白对照组和复方精油低剂量组（P<0.05），复方精油低剂量组瘤胃球菌属（Ruminococcus_torques_group） 相对丰度显著高于空白对照组（P<0.05）。【结论】饲喂肉豆蔻和罗勒复方精油能够促进黄羽肉鸡空肠和盲肠 的有益菌生长，抑制有害菌增殖，维持菌群平衡，利于肠道健康，明显提高黄羽肉鸡的生产性能。     

Isomaltooligosaccharide and Bacillus regulate the duration of farrowing and weaning-estrous interval in sows during the perinatal period by changing the gut microbiota of sows

This study investigated the effects of isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) and Bacillus in perinatal diets on the duration of farrowing and post-weaning estrus, serum reproductive hormone concentrations, and gut microbiota and its metabolites of sows. Multiparous sows (n = 130) were fed diets without IMO (control, CON group), or diets containing only IMO (IMO group), IMO and Bacillus subtilis (IMOS group), IMO and Bacillus licheniformis (IMOL group), and IMO and B. subtilis and B. licheniformis (IMOSL group), respectively. The results indicate that the duration of farrowing and post-weaning estrus was shorter in sows in the IMOS, IMOL, and IMOSL groups, and the weaning-estrous interval was lower in sows in the IMOL greoup. In addition, the lowest fecal score was observed in the IMOL group during d 106 to 112 of gestation. Sows in most of the treatment groups had a higher concentration of serum prolactin and prostaglandin at farrowing, but a lower serum concentration of estradiol, oxytocin, and progesterone on d 18 of lactation than sows in the CON group. The treatment groups had a higher abundance of Candidatus Methanoplasma and Bacillus and a lower abundance of Escherichia-Shigella in their feces at farrowing. Furthermore, the treatment groups had higher concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in feces at farrowing and a higher concentration of branched fatty acids in feces on d 18 of lactation. Furthermore, the abundance of Bacillus in feces was positively correlated with serum prostaglandin concentrations and fecal total SCFA of sows at farrowing, but was negatively correlated with the duration of farrowing. Overall, dietary IMO and Bacillus supplementation affected the concentration of serum reproductive hormones and the duration of farrowing and post-weaning estrus, and the gut microbiota is a key factor.