日粮精粗比对育肥藏羊瘤胃组织形态及微生物菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮精粗比对育肥藏羊瘤胃组织形态及微生物菌群的影响。选择210只早期断奶藏羔羊,随机分成7组,每组30只,分别对其饲喂精粗比为20∶80(A)、30∶70(B)、40∶60(C)、50∶50(D)、60∶40(E)、70∶30(F)和80∶20(G)的基础日粮,预饲期10 d,试验期90 d。试验结束后,每组随机选择3只试验羊屠宰,采集瘤胃组织及瘤胃液样品。试验采用冷冻切片观察瘤胃组织发育情况,测定瘤胃肌肉层、角化层厚度,乳头长度、宽度和密度;采用16S rDNA基因测序测定瘤胃微生物,分析瘤胃细菌丰度和多样性指数。结果表明:1)日粮精粗比可对瘤胃组织形态造成显著影响(P<0.05)。当精粗比例为50∶50时,藏羊瘤胃角化层厚度、瘤胃乳头密度和高度显著高于其余各组(P<0.05);精粗比例为30∶70时,瘤胃肌层厚度显著高于其余各组(P<0.05)。2)本试验7组共产生299个OTUs(operational taxonomic units),其中共有OTUs 259个,占比86.7%,独有OTUs 40个,其中F和G组分别含独有OTUs 14和8个;试验F组香浓指数、Ace指数和Chao1指数均显著高于其余各组,而辛普森指数显著低于其余各组(P<0.05);各组间细菌多样性差异显著(P<0.05)。3)门水平下,随着精粗比例上升厚壁菌门相对丰度有降低趋势,且A组显著高于其余各组(P<0.05);科水平下,毛螺菌科相对丰度与精粗比例呈负相关,E组普雷沃氏菌科相对丰度较高(P<0.05)。综合瘤胃组织表型和细菌菌群多样性可知:随着日粮中精料水平的提高,瘤胃组织形态发生改变,且在一定程度上抑制瘤胃乳头及角化层的发育;但日粮中精料比例的增加(70∶30)可丰富瘤胃中细菌多样性。     

多组学技术在奶牛瘤胃微生物与宿主互作机制中的研究进展

对于反刍动物而言,瘤胃对宿主的新陈代谢、机体免疫调节具有重要的意义。作为瘤胃内强大而丰富的群落,瘤胃微生物结构紊乱不仅会导致生产性能下降,还会引发机体全身炎症反应。近年来,多组学技术分析瘤胃微生物与宿主的关系及其调控机制已逐渐受到研究者的关注。本文从瘤胃微生物的影响因素、多组学技术在瘤胃微生物中的应用及瘤胃微生物紊乱对宿主的影响等多方面进行综述,以通过调节瘤胃微生物来提高奶牛生产性能、增强机体免疫力以及预防疾病等新的视角为奶牛养殖者提供参考。     

Dietary supplemental xylooligosaccharide modulates nutrient digestibility,intestinal morphology,and gut microbiota in laying hens

This study was conducted to evaluate the prebiotic effects of dietary xylooligosaccharide (XOS) supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and gut microbiota in laying hens. In a 12-wk experiment, a total of 288 Hy-Line Brown layers at 50 wk of age were randomly assigned into 3 dietary treatments supplemented with XOS at 0, 200 or 400 mg/kg. Each treatment had 8 replicates with 12 birds each. Hens fed XOS diets showed a lower feed-to-egg ratio during wk 7 to 12 and a higher egg yolk color value in wk 12 compared with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). Dietary XOS supplementation improved the apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy and nitrogen at the end of the 12th wk (P < 0.05). In addition, a higher villus height-to-crypt depth ratio of the ileum was observed in XOS-added groups (P < 0.05). The high throughput sequencing analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA revealed that dietary XOS supplementation at 200 mg/kg altered cecal microbiota. Alpha diversity analysis illustrated a higher cecal bacterial richness in birds fed with XOS at 200 mg/kg. The composition of cecal microbiota modulated by the XOS addition was characterized by an increased abundance of Firmicutes along with a reduced abundance of Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, dietary XOS supplementation triggered decreases in Bacteroides and Campylobacter concurrent with increases in Lactobacillus and several short chain fatty acid producers including Desulfovibrio, Faecalitalea, Faecalicoccus, and 5 genera of family Lachnospiraceae. Collectively, dietary XOS addition improved the feed conversion ratio by modulating nutrient digestibility and ileal morphology in laying hens, which could be attributed to the enhancement of bacterial diversity and alteration of microbial composition.     

Relationship between gut microbiota and host-metabolism: Emphasis on hormones related to reproductive function

It has been well recognized that interactions between the gut microbiota and host-metabolism have a proven effect on health. The gut lumen is known for harboring different bacterial communities. Microbial by-products and structural components, which are derived through the gut microbiota, generate a signaling response to maintain homeostasis. Gut microbiota is not only involved in metabolic disorders, but also participates in the regulation of reproductive hormonal function. Bacterial phyla, which are localized in the gut, allow for the metabolization of steroid hormones through the stimulation of different enzymes. Reproductive hormones such as progesterone, estrogen and testosterone play a pivotal role in the successful completion of reproductive events. Disruption in this mechanism may lead to reproductive disorders. Environmental bacteria can affect the metabolism, and degrade steroid hormones and their relevant compounds. This behavior of the bacteria can safely be implemented to eliminate steroidal compounds from a polluted environment. In this review, we summarize the metabolism of steroid hormones on the regulation of gut microbiota and vice-versa, and also examined the significant influence this process has on various events of reproductive function. Altogether, the evidence suggests that steroid hormones and gut microbiota exert a central role in the modification of host bacterial action and impact the reproductive efficiency of animals and humans.     

Early life administration of milk fat globule membrane promoted SCFA-producing bacteria colonization,intestinal barriers and growth performance of neonatal piglets

Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) possesses various nutritional and biological benefits for mammals, whereas its effects on neonatal gut microbiota and barrier integrity remained unclear. This study investigated the effects of MFGM administration on microbial compositions and intestinal barrier functions of neonatal piglets. Sixteen newborn piglets were randomly allocated into a CON group or MFGM group, orally administered with saline or MFGM solution (1 g/kg body weight) respectively during the first postnatal week, and all piglets were breastfed during the whole neonatal period. The present study found that the MFGM oral administration during the first postnatal week increased the plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) G level, body weight and average daily gain of piglets (P < 0.05) on 21 d. Additionally, MFGM administration enriched fecal SCFA-producing bacteria (Ruminococaceae_UCG-002, Ruminococaceae_UCG-010, Ruminococaceae_UCG-004, Ruminococaceae_UCG-014 and [Ruminococcus]_gauvrearuii_group), SCFA concentrations (acetate, propionate and butyrate; P < 0.05) and their receptor (G-protein coupled receptor 41, GPR41). Furthermore, MFGM administration promoted intestinal villus morphology (P < 0.05) and barrier functions by upregulating genes of tight junctions (E-cadherin, claudin-1, occludin and zonula occludin 1 [ZO-1]), mucins (mucin-13 and mucin-20) and interleukin (IL)-22 (P < 0.05). Positive correlation was found between the beneficial microbes and SCFA levels pairwise with the intestinal barrier genes (P < 0.05). In conclusion, orally administrating MFGM during the first postnatal week stimulated SCFA-producing bacteria colonization and SCFA generation, enhanced intestinal barrier functions and consequently improved growth performance of neonatal piglets on 21 d. Our findings will provide new insights about MFGM intervention for microbial colonization and intestinal development of neonates during their early life.     

Successful outcome after a single endoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation in a Shiba dog with non-responsive enteropathy during the treatment with chlorambucil

A 7-year 6-month-old, castrated male Shiba dog presented with a 1-month history of lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, and frequent watery diarrhea. Weight loss, hypoalbuminemia, anemia, and leukocytosis were detected at the first visit. The dog was diagnosed with non-responsive enteropathy (NRE) based on clinical and histopathological examinations. Since the dog did not respond to the immunosuppressive drugs, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed during the treatment with chlorambucil. A single endoscopic FMT into the cecum and colon drastically recovered clinical signs and clinicopathological abnormalities and corrected dysbiosis in the dog. No recurrence or adverse events were observed. The present case report suggests that FMT, possibly together with chlorambucil, might be a treatment option for NRE in Shiba dogs that have poorer prognosis compared with other dog breeds.     

Intestinal microbiota variation in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) under different feeding regimes

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the feeding regimes in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) cultured under extensive, semi‐extensive and intensive production systems. A total of 254 bacterial isolates from guts of fish cultured under different production systems and feeding regimes were tested. Biochemical tests and genetic analyses based on the 16S rDNA sequence analysis were conduced to identify bacterial strains. Vibrio species were the most represented taxonomic group in the culturable microbiota of S. senegalensis guts tested. Particularly, Vibrio ichthyoenteri was the most frequently isolated Vibrio species. Comparison among diets showed a significant reduction (P<0.05) in vibrio percentages and a higher occurrence of Shewanella species in Senegalese soles fed polychaeta. In addition, a major influence of environmental temperature on microbiota composition was detected. Cold temperatures brought about a change in the percentages of Vibrio species and a higher representation of α‐Proteobacteria in both outdoor systems (extensive and semi‐extensive). The significant differences between intestinal bacterial composition in Senegalese soles fed commercial diets and natural preys (polychaeta) reveal the necessity to develop specific optimized diets for the intensive rearing of this fish species.     

Elimination of the associated microbial community and bioencapsulation of bacteria in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

The bioencapsulation of live bacteria in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis was determined under monoxenic conditions. The first objective was to evaluate the microbiota of the rotifer during intensive production and to obtain sterile rotifer cultures starting from adult females or amictic eggs using PVP-Iodine, Hydrogen peroxide or antibiotic mixtures. In the rotifers, the proportion of vibrios increased significantly during the mass production, displacing other unidentified marine bacteria. Rotifers, in the absence of culturable bacteria were obtained starting from amictic eggs and using Trimetroprim-sulfametoxasole (Bactrim Roche®) at 10 ml l^–1. The effect of members of Vibrionaceae on the survival and growth rate of rotifers was determined under monoxenic conditions. The survival of rotifers was not affected in the presence of different isolates, while amictic egg formation occurred and the populations increased when the strains Vibrio proteolyticus C279 and Aeromonas media C226 were tested. All isolates were successfully incorporated in the rotifers, since there was no significant difference between the numbers of bioencapsulated cells of different strains of isolates. The results show that it is possible to replace the microbial community in rotifer cultures, started from disinfected amictic eggs, with selected bacterial strains. This could be used as a tool for future studies to reveal the role of specific bacteria on first larval stages of marine fish species.     

小麦替代玉米饲粮添加木聚糖酶对生长猪生长性能、结肠菌群和氮排放的影响

本试验旨在研究小麦替代玉米饲粮添加木聚糖酶对生长猪生长性能、结肠菌群和氮排放的影响.试验选用126头体重约为45 kg的“杜×长×大”三元杂交生长猪,分为7组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头猪.具体分组是:对照组(CON组)饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,W20组饲喂20％小麦基础饲粮,W20X组饲喂20％小麦基础饲粮+200 U/kg木聚糖酶,W40组饲喂40％小麦基础饲粮,W40X组饲喂40％小麦基础饲粮+200 U/kg木聚糖酶,W60组饲喂60％小麦基础饲粮,W60X组饲喂60％小麦基础饲粮+200 U/kg木聚糖酶.试验期50 d.结果表明:与对照组相比,W60组平均日增重显著降低(P＜0.05),料重比显著提高(P＜0.05),结肠梭菌、大肠杆菌数量显著增加(P＜0.05),粪氮排放量显著增加(P＜0.05);W20X和W40X组间平均日增重、料重比差异不显著(P＞0.05);W40X组结肠乳酸杆菌数量显著增加(P＜0.05),大肠杆菌、梭菌数量显著降低(P＜0.05),粪样pH、脲酶活性显著降低(P＜0.05).综上所述,木聚糖酶有明显的益生作用,能刺激肠道有益菌增殖并抑制有害菌增殖,减少氮排放.本试验条件下,添加200 U/kg木聚糖酶的小麦饲粮中,小麦最适替代量为40％.