腹泻仔猪与健康仔猪粪便菌群多样性的比较

本试验旨在探究腹泻仔猪与健康仔猪粪便菌群多样性及结构的差异。采集同等饲养条件下的8份腹泻和8份健康哺乳仔猪的粪便样本,利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对健康仔猪和腹泻仔猪粪便菌群进行比较。结果表明:健康仔猪粪便菌群的多样性高于腹泻仔猪(P<0.05);与健康仔猪粪便菌群组成相比,腹泻仔猪变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度增加(P<0.05),而拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)降低(P<0.05);在属的分类水平上,腹泻仔猪粪便中埃希氏-志贺菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)和乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)的相对丰度高于健康仔猪(P<0.05),而拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、Lachnoclostridium和瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)低于健康仔猪(P<0.05)。综上表明,腹泻仔猪与健康仔猪粪便菌群的多样性和结构存在显著差异,埃希氏-志贺菌属的相对丰度显著增加可能是仔猪腹泻的重要原因之一。     

Seaweed Components as Potential Modulators of the Gut Microbiota

Macroalgae, or seaweeds, are a rich source of components which may exert beneficial effects on the mammalian gut microbiota through the enhancement of bacterial diversity and abundance. An imbalance of gut bacteria has been linked to the development of disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, immunodeficiency, hypertension, type-2-diabetes, obesity, and cancer. This review outlines current knowledge from in vitro and in vivo studies concerning the potential therapeutic application of seaweed-derived polysaccharides, polyphenols and peptides to modulate the gut microbiota through diet. Polysaccharides such as fucoidan, laminarin, alginate, ulvan and porphyran are unique to seaweeds. Several studies have shown their potential to act as prebiotics and to positively modulate the gut microbiota. Prebiotics enhance bacterial populations and often their production of short chain fatty acids, which are the energy source for gastrointestinal epithelial cells, provide protection against pathogens, influence immunomodulation, and induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells. The oral bioaccessibility and bioavailability of seaweed components is also discussed, including the advantages and limitations of static and dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal models versus ex vivo and in vivo methods. Seaweed bioactives show potential for use in prevention and, in some instances, treatment of human disease. However, it is also necessary to confirm these potential, therapeutic effects in large-scale clinical trials. Where possible, we have cited information concerning these trials.     

Crop-weed competition changes the decomposition of soil organic matter fractions in the rhizosphere

ABSTRACT

Certain plant combinations can stimulate the mineralization of soil organic matter (SOM), thereby changing the storage of soil organic carbon and affecting the physical and chemical soil properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether competition between weeds and maize can stimulate SOM decomposition. Eight treatments were performed: monoculture of maize and weeds (Amaranthus viridis, Bidens pilosa, and Ipomoea grandifolia), maize in competition with weeds, and non-cultivated soil. During cultivation, the rhizosphere priming effect (RPE) on SOM was estimated. Additionally, at 60 days after planting, soil samples were collected to measure the C contents of particulate (POM) and mineral-associated (MAOM) organic matter. From the 43^rd day of cultivation onwards, the coexistence between maize and B. pilosa led to the highest RPE values, while maize vs. A. viridis showed negative RPE. Maize vs. A. viridis and maize vs. I. grandifolia caused increase in MAOM-C and decreases in POM-C. Ipomoea grandifolia monoculture and maize vs. B. pilosa led to the highest MAOM-C losses and reduced POM-C compared to the non-cultivated soils. Here it is demonstrated that competition between maize and B. pilosa increases SOM mineralization, while competition between maize and A. viridis or I. grandifolia retards this process.     

Short-term effect of dietary yeast nucleotide supplementation on small intestinal enzyme activities, bacterial populations and metabolites and ileal nutrient digestibilities in newly weaned pigs

In previous studies, dietary nucleotides have been shown to improve performance in single-stomached animals by promoting the renewal of small intestine epithelial cells and by influencing the activity and composition of the microbial community in the digestive tract. The present experiment was carried out with 12 barrows weaned at the age of 18 days and fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum. To determine short-term effects of dietary yeast nucleotides, the piglets received a grain-soybean meal-based basal diet with or without supplementation of 1 g/kg of a dried yeast product containing free nucleotides. Dietary supplementation with yeast did not affect bacterial numbers in the ileum as well as ileal concentrations of individual short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), total SCFA and total lactic acid (p > 0.05). Moreover, there was no effect of supplemental yeast nucleotides on ileal α-amylase, leucine amino peptidase, maltase and lactase activities (p > 0.05), as well as on ileal dry matter, crude protein and crude fibre digestibilities (p > 0.05). In conclusion, short-term supplementation with dietary yeast nucleotides did not affect microbial metabolite concentrations, bacterial numbers and enzyme activities in the ileal digesta as well as ileal nutrient digestibilities of newly weaned pigs.     

Effect of dietary encapsulated organic salts (Na‐acetate,Na‐butyrate,Na‐lactate and Na‐propionate) on growth performance,haemolymph, antioxidant and digestive enzyme activities and gut microbiota of juvenile narrow clawed crayfish,Astacus leptodactylus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823

A 63‐day experiment was done to study the effects of four levels (5, 10, 20 and 50 g/kg) of encapsulated organic salts (Na‐acetate, Na‐butyrate, Na‐lactate and Na‐propionate) on the growth indices and haemato‐immunological responses of crayfish Astacus leptodactylus leptodactylus (4.38 ± 0.08 g). Crayfish were distributed at 51 1,000‐L tanks (17 treatments at triplicate). The highest values of final weight (27.86 g), specific growth rate (2.94% body weight per day) and survival rate (96%) were observed in the crayfish fed the 20 g/kg of encapsulated Na‐propionate diet (p < .05). The highest activities of phenoloxidase (7.4 U/min), superoxide dismutase (7.80 U/min) and lysozyme (9.40 U/min) were observed in the gut of crayfish fed the 20 g/kg of encapsulated Na‐propionate diet (p < .05), as well as the highest activities of alkaline protease (10.70 U/mg), lipase (9.10 U/mg), amylase (9.60 U/mg) and the lactobacillus count (p < .05). Broken line regression model of SGR and phenoloxidase activity suggested that the optimum dietary levels of encapsulated Na‐acetate, Na‐butyrate, Na‐lactate and Na‐propionate could be 30.7, 31.8, 31.4 and 33.5 g/kg, respectively, in crayfish reared in culture conditions.     

The role of arable weed seeds for agroecosystem functioning

A literature study was conducted to gather knowledge on the impact of weed seeds on agroecosystem functioning other than effects related to the production of weed seedlings and plants. The results of the review suggested that a larger and more diverse weed seedbank can contribute to the biodiversity of various groups of macrofauna and microbiota, with a positive or negative impact on the agroecosystem. However, relationships between weed seed availability and functional biodiversity in the field have generally not been established, with the exception of case studies of seeds sustaining populations of granivorous farmland birds or acting as reservoirs and vectors of plant pathogens. To value the contribution of different weed seeds to sustaining populations of functional biota, more detailed information on their relationships with seeds is essential. Hypotheses and related questions that can be used to explore the impact of weed seeds on functional biodiversity have been identified. The identification of weed seed species that are a key to sustaining functional biota may lead to a weed management strategy aiming to minimise the damage of weeds to crops while taking the alternative ecological roles of weed seeds into account.     

日粮添加水苏糖对肉仔鸡鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染控制效果的研究

试验研究了添加不同梯度水苏糖对肉鸡鼠伤寒沙门氏菌攻毒的控制效果。试验选用1日龄体重相近(45.52±1.48)g的健康AA肉鸡公雏72只,随机分为3个处理,设6个重复,每个重复4只。在玉米-大豆浓缩蛋白日粮基础上分别添加0、0.4%和0.8%水平的水苏糖。结果表明:日粮添加水苏糖降低了肉鸡体重;肉鸡肠道沙门氏菌控制效果不显著,第19天时,0.4%水苏糖添加组的大肠杆菌数显著高于其他2组(P<0.05),乳酸菌各处理之间差异不显著;pH值与盲肠指数无差异(P>0.05)。以上研究表明,该梯度水苏糖不能控制肉鸡沙门氏菌感染,对肉鸡无保护作用。     

Ameliorative Effects of Peptides Derived from Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) on Immunomodulatory Function and Gut Microbiota Structure in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice

The intestinal flora is recognized as a significant contributor to the immune system. In this research, the protective effects of oyster peptides on immune regulation and intestinal microbiota were investigated in mice treated with cyclophosphamide. The results showed that oyster peptides restored the indexes of thymus, spleen and liver, stimulated cytokines secretion and promoted the relative mRNA levels of Th1/Th2 cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10). The mRNA levels of Occludin, Claudin-1, ZO-1, and Mucin-2 were up-regulated, and the NF-κB signaling pathway was also activated after oyster peptides administration. Furthermore, oyster peptides treatment reduced the proportion of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, increased the relative abundance of Alistipes, Lactobacillus, Rikenell and the content of short-chain fatty acids, and reversed the composition of intestinal microflora similar to that of normal mice. In conclusion, oyster peptides effectively ameliorated cyclophosphamide-induced intestinal damage and modified gut microbiota structure in mice, and might be utilized as a beneficial ingredient in functional foods for immune regulation.     

日粮粗纤维水平对断乳力克斯兔腹泻率、消化道pH和盲肠菌群的影响

为了探讨日粮中粗纤维水平对断乳仔免腹泻率的影响及其低纤维型腹泻的发生机制,选择30～35日龄健康力克斯免40只,随机分成4组,每组10只。在其他营养相近的基础上,分别饲喂粗纤维含量为7％、9％、12％和14％的日粮。观察不同纤维日粮对试兔腹泻率、肠道pH、盲肠挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）和微生物菌群的影响。研究表明：粗纤维含量对腹泻率有重大影响,中高纤维日粮（12％和14％）没有发生腹泻,而低纤维日粮组（7％和9％）的腹泻率分别为59．33％和20．67％,组间差异极显著（p〈0．01）;低纤维水平日粮组（7％、9％）的试验兔,胃、空肠、结肠、盲肠的pH值均高于中高纤维组（12％、14％）,差异达显著或极显著水平（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;盲肠总挥发性脂肪酸随粗纤维含量的增加而上升,但差异不显著（P〉0．05）。乙酸随粗纤维含量的增加而上升,CF14％组极显著的高于7％组（P〈0．01）。丙酸和丁酸的变化不显著（P〉0．05）;纤维含量对盲肠主要微生物菌群有较大影响。从整体来说,有益菌（双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、拟杆菌和消化球菌）以CF12％组占优,CF14％次之,CF7％组最低。其中双歧杆菌各组间差异均达极显著水平（p〈0．01）。而大肠杆菌与之相反,CF7％组检测出沙门氏菌。其他各组没有发现沙门氏菌,也未检出魏氏梭菌。该研究揭示了低纤维日粮使家免消化道内环境（如pH、VFA等）发生变化,从而导致肠道菌群失调。是发生腹泻的主要机制。