几种常用饲料添加剂对断奶仔猪肠道菌群调控的研究进展

早期断奶是现代养猪生产中的瓶颈问题。早期断奶易造成仔猪早期断奶综合征,仔猪断奶后会出现采食量下降、生长阻滞和腹泻等一系列症状。引起这些症状的主要原因之一是断奶应激引起的仔猪肠道屏障受损。鉴于肠道微生态区系为肠道第一道防御屏障,因此,研究仔猪肠道微生态区系及其营养调控技术,对于防制仔猪早期断奶综合征、促进仔猪肠道健康、提高生产性能具有重要意义。文章针对断奶仔猪肠道微生物菌群变化及几种常用饲料添加剂（微生态制剂、植物多糖、酸化剂、微量元素、中草药及植物提取物）对肠道微生态区系调控的研究进展进行了综述。     

Effects of dietary supplementation of a commercial prebiotic Previda® on survival,growth, immune responses and gut microbiota of Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

A 35‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth, bacterial populations of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and immune responses of Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing the commercial prebiotic Previda^®. Diets were formulated to contain Previda^® at 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.6 g kg^?1 by weight. At the end of the study, differences in weight gain and survival among treatments were not significant (P > 0.05), but denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that the microbial communities in the GIT changed significantly with the inclusion of dietary Previda^® at different levels. Previda^® was therefore able to selectively modify the microbial communities in the shrimp's GIT. Although individual bacterial species were not identified, enteric populations in shrimp fed the prebiotic at similar levels of inclusion were genetically similar. In addition, shrimp fed Previda^® at 1.6 g kg^?1 responded significantly (P < 0.05) better immunologically with respect to hemocyte phagocytic capacity, haemolymph protein, hyaline cell counts and haemolymph glucose compared with shrimp fed the basal diet. Although shrimp were not exposed to virulent pathogens in this study, the observed upregulation of some of imm‐une responses upon prebiotic supplementation indicates that an improved outcome of such challenges may be anticipated in Previda^®‐fed shrimp under commercial conditions.     

肠道微生物宏基因组文库构建及酯解酶基因筛选

利用宏基因组学方法,以人肠道微生物样品为原材料,构建了1个约30 000个克隆的fosmid文库.以三丁酸甘油酯为底物,通过功能筛选,获得1个酯解酶阳性克隆.对该阳性克隆构建亚克隆,挑选具有酯解酶活性的阳性亚克隆进行测序分析,最终获得1个肠道微生物来源的酯解酶基因(GenBank登录号:JQ972699).结果表明,文库克隆的平均插入片段约为40 kb,没有重复插入片段克隆.获得的酯解酶基因推演蛋白与Pyramidobacter piscolens W5455的patatin样磷脂酶同源性最高,氨基酸一致性为95％.生物信息学分析结果表明该基因可能通过Vd型分泌方式进行分泌并发挥功能.本研究是通过构建人肠道微生物宏基因组大片段文库并结合重组子功能筛选获得酯解酶的首次报道,可为食品工业提供新的酯解酶来源和筛选方法.     

Effect of 2‐hydroxy‐4‐(methylthio) butanoic acid and acidifier on the performance,chyme pH,and microbiota of broilers

This study was aimed to explore the comparative acidifying properties of 2‐hydroxy‐4‐(methylthio) butanoic acid (HMTBA) and a combination of DL‐methionine (DLM) and acidifier in male broiler production. A total of 480 1‐day‐old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatments: A (low HMTBA, 0.057% HMTBA); B (low acidifier, 0.05% DLM + 0.057% acidifier); C (high HMTBA, 0.284% HMTBA); and D (high acidifier, 0.25% DLM + 0.284% acidifier). At 21 d, growth performance, chyme pH, digestive enzyme activities, and intestinal microflora were measured. The pH of crop, gizzard, and ileum contents was higher in the HMTBA treatment group than in DLM + acidifier treatment group. Furthermore, acidifier supplementation promoted growth of butyrate‐producing bacteria such as Faecalibacterium, whereas high HMTBA (0.284%) inhibited the proliferation of acid‐producing bacteria including Roseburia and Collinsella. The chymotrypsin activity was lower in the HMTBA group than in the DLM + acidifier group. In contrast, high‐level HMTBA group showed higher average daily gain and average daily feed intake than the DLM + acidifier group. These results suggested that HMTBA work through different pathways with DLM plus acidifier.     

Association between the body weight of growing pigs and the functional capacity of their gut microbiota

Gastrointestinal microbiota impact host's biological activities, including digestion of indigestible feed components, energy harvest, and immunity. In this study, fecal microbiota of high body weight (HW) and low body weight (LW) growing pigs at 103 days of age were compared. Principal coordinates analysis separated the HW and LW groups into two clusters, indicating their potential differences between microbial community composition. Although the abundances of two major phyla, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, did not significantly differ between the HW and LW groups, some genera showed significant differences. Among them, Peptococcus and Eubacterium exhibited strong positive correlations with body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) (Rho > 0.40), whereas Treponema, Desulfovibrio, Parabacteroides, and Ruminococcaceae_unclassified exhibited strong negative correlations with BW and ADG (Rho < ?0.40). Based on these results, the structure of intestinal microbiota may affect growth traits in pigs through host–microbe interactions. Further in‐depth studies will provide insights into how best to reshape host–microbe interactions in pigs and other animals as well.     

双歧杆菌及其产品缓解肠炎症状的研究进展

双歧杆菌具有调节肠道菌群、缓解功能性胃肠道疾病的功能,是目前广为使用的用于改善人体肠道的益生菌之一。炎症性肠病（inflammatory bowel disease,IBD）是一种慢性复发性炎症性疾病,该疾病伴随着肠黏膜溃疡、细胞死亡,并且容易复发。近年来,相关报道在肠炎治疗方面提到了双歧杆菌的益生作用。本文概述双歧杆菌、双歧杆菌产品、双歧杆菌代谢物对IBD的缓解效果,为双歧杆菌在医药方面的应用提供新的研究方向。     

双歧杆菌对功能性便秘影响的研究进展

功能性便秘是一种临床上比较常见的消化系统疾病,可引发一系列疾病,因此对该疾病的预防和治疗具有重要意义。双歧杆菌是肠道固有菌群之一,其对缓解功能性便秘有明显效果。本文从肠道菌群与功能性便秘的关系、双歧杆菌缓解便秘的机制以及双歧杆菌不同菌株缓解功能性便秘的效果等方面对双歧杆菌缓解功能性便秘的国内外研究进展进行综述,以期为双歧杆菌功能性菌株的深度开发及其用于缓解便秘机制的深入研究提供思路。     

Dietary polyphenols in lipid metabolism: A role of gut microbiome

Polyphenols are a class of non-essential phytonutrients, which are abundant in fruits and vegetables. Dietary polyphenols or foods rich in polyphenols are widely recommended for metabolic health. Indeed, polyphenols (i.e., catechins, resveratrol, and curcumin) are increasingly recognized as a regulator of lipid metabolism in host. The mechanisms, at least in part, may be highly associated with gut microbiome. This review mainly discussed the beneficial effects of dietary polyphenols on lipid metabolism. The potential mechanisms of gut microbiome are focused on the effect of dietary polyphenols on gut microbiota compositions and how gut microbiota affect polyphenol metabolism. Together, dietary polyphenols may be a useful nutritional strategy for manipulation of lipid metabolism or obesity care.