基于"量-质-域-流"四维指标体系的水资源荷载状况评价——以黑河流域三地市为例

随着社会经济用水不断增加,水资源供需矛盾加剧,水资源系统出现荷载不均衡现象,制约了区域发展,危及生态环境良性循环。本文从水资源系统的负荷需求和承载能力出发,基于“量、质、域、流”四个维度构建水资源荷载均衡评价指标体系,采用指标规范化的正态云模型,评价2015年黑河流域张掖市、酒泉市、阿拉善盟水资源配置方案的荷载均衡状况,并依据负荷与承载能力评分二维坐标,分出低负荷-高承载能力、低负荷-低承载能力、高负荷-高承载能力和高负荷-低承载能力四个分区。评价结果表明：2015年三地水资源荷载状况均为Ⅳ级,张掖市综合评分为3.697,酒泉市为3.657,阿拉善盟为3.901,三地均处于高负荷-低承载能力区域;三地在水质维度上处于低负荷-高承载能力区间,水质维度评分均处于Ⅱ级,酒泉市水质评分优于张掖市,张掖市水质评分优于阿拉善盟;在水量、水域、水流维度上均处于高负荷-低承载能力区间,水量方面三地处于Ⅳ级,张掖市优于酒泉市,酒泉市优于阿拉善盟;水域方面张掖和阿拉善盟评分均处于Ⅴ级,酒泉评分处于Ⅳ级;水流方面三地均处于Ⅴ级。需要采取调控手段在水量、水域、水流方面上进行“增强承载”和“卸荷”。     

灰叶荆群落生长和更新能力的研究

本文对厦门地区灰叶荆群落的生长和更新能力进行了研究。该植物3、4年生群落植株基径年增量为0.71～0.91cm;当年播种植株高和基径年增量分别为299.4和3.38cm;4、5年生群落母桩萌条的高和基径年增量分别为304.4～264.0cm和2.25～1.55cm。光照,温度和雨量是影响该植物生长和萌更的主要生态因子。光照的差异使群落内个体分化为被压木和优势木两类。该植物自然更新能力差,但其种子发芽力强,耐贮;影响种子发芽的主要因素是气温和采种期。     

山地草甸游憩环境承载力评价——以武功山景区为例

游憩环境承载力是诊断游憩环境健康运行的依据和标准。为测度山地草甸游憩环境运行状态,从弹性力、支撑力和抵抗力3个方面遴选20个评价指标,构建了山地草甸游憩环境承载力评价指标体系,然后根据经验数据及试验数据确定了各指标以及各承载力指数的阈限范围,并构建了相应的承载力指数模型。在此基础上运用此评价指标体系及模型方法对武功山山地草甸游憩环境承载力进行评价。结果表明:武功山山地草甸游憩环境尽管具有较强的自我维持和自我调节的弹性能力,甚至淡季时还具有较高的抵抗力,但在旺季高负荷的游憩行为干扰下,其支撑能力和抵抗能力均处于"超载"状态,承载力综合指数为0.426 3,也处于"超载"状态;同时旺季的"超载"还进一步影响到了淡季时草甸的自我恢复能力,其承载力综合指数为0.566 1,处于"满载"状态。     

基于动力学模型的人口与淡水资源问题研究

世界淡水资源正面临着空前的危机,研究人口、经济和淡水资源的关系是世界面临的重大课题.从系统动力学出发,建立了人口与淡水资源二元非线性动力模式,并进行了平衡态分析,研究结果表明:(1)淡水资源承载力的提高将使淡水资源总量保持在较低水平上,平衡态人口数量线性增加;在保持淡水资源承载力不变的情况下,将迫使人口总量非线性减少;(2)无节制的灌溉面积扩张、工业盲目发展以及持续加速的水污染,都将导致平衡态淡水资源和人口总量的减少,并对全球淡水生态系统造成无法估量的影响;(3)人口-淡水资源系统的可持续发展,必须建立在     

基于P-S-R框架模型试点研究高寒地区生态承载力——以甘肃省迭部县为例

全面客观评价生态资源承载能力,进而为区域可持续发展提供理论依据。以甘肃省迭部县为例,首先,采用压力-状态-响应(P-S-R)模型构建生态承载力评估指标体系,运用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)确定各指标权重,评估生态环境承载力现状;其次,在生态功能区层面对迭部县水源涵养功能及生物多样性功能进行评价;最后,对生态承载力状况进行成因解析。研究结果表明：（1）迭部县整体生态承载力得分为0.239,处于“较强”承载力状态,构成整体生态承载力的生态弹性力、资源和环境承载力和人类社会影响力得分分别为0.222、0.062和0.063。（2）2016年,迭部县单位面积水源涵养量为111.76 mm,水源涵养功能处于“高”状态,其中,水源涵养功能较高地区主要集中在以草地和针阔混交林为主的区域。（3）自然栖息地面积占迭部县总面积的83.67%,其自然栖息质量指数(Natural Habitant Quality Index,NHQI)处于“高”状态。（4）从自然和经济2个因素进行分析,发现迭部县生态环境条件较好,但林草地面积已呈现出逐渐减少状态,因此需要通过合理科学的开发引导,发展文化旅游事业,推动迭部县的可持续发展。     

地方性本科院校水产养殖专业研究生实验教学体系的构建研究

从实验内容改革、实验课程设置安排、实验教学平台建设三个方面探讨地方性本科院校水产养殖专业研究生实验教学体系的构建.在创新研究生实验课程过程中,开设本硕贯通的实验选修课程、研究生的实验必修课程和专题实验课程,在实验教学内容和实验建设等方面进行了一系列新的探索,形成了一套具有特色的研究生实验教学体系和实验内容,增强了研究生的科研能力.     

The analysis of China wind power industry

The development course of China wind power industry is reviewed by six stages. National policies on wind power industry are elaborated from the aspects of laws & regulations, planning, finance & taxation and electrovalence policy. And these policies have played an important supporting and regulating role in the development of wind power industry. The development status of China wind power industry is analyzed based on wind turbine installed capacity, wind power output and their growth rate. It is explained that national wind turbine manufacturers have kept developing and become strong by the data of new global installed capacity share of mainland wind turbine manufacturers in 2013 and the new global market share of 8 domestic enterprises among the world top 15 wind turbine manufacturers. But there are still 5 key problems which influence the development of national wind turbine need to be solved, including lack of top-level design, abandon and restriction wind power seriously, lack of R&D abilities, some of the key parts relying on imports and wind turbine facing a quality guarantee dilemma. Taking Sinovel Wind Group Co. Ltd. and Xinjiang Goldwind Sci & Tech Co. Ltd., the two leading companies as an example, their performance is analyzed and it’s pointed out that the wind industry must keep vigilant after the overspeed development. The enterprises should try to avoid neglecting cultivating their inner core competitive ability, including technology advancements and products reliability. Occupying the market with low price competition and expanding blindly is also not desirable. At last, the development prospects of our country’s wind power industry are analyzed and three proposals are put forward.     

水面蒸发对南水北调江苏段调水效率的影响

为了掌握南水北调东线江苏境内工程输水河道和调蓄湖库水面蒸发损失水量,及其所造成的泵站机组损失功率,了解水面蒸发对工程调水效率的影响,分析比较了适用于工程所在地区的水面蒸发量计算模型和计算公式,计算了工程沿线输水河道和调蓄湖库的水面蒸发量,分析了工程水面蒸发量的时间和空间分布特征.通过积分,计算了水面蒸发造成的各梯级泵站的流量损失和输入功率损失,求解并分析了水面蒸发对整个江苏段工程调水效率的影响.结果表明：工程沿线水面年蒸发量自南向北、西北方向逐渐递增;蒸发量夏季最高,冬季最低;全线平均水面年蒸发量为862.2 mm.洪泽湖、骆马湖、白马湖和输水河道蒸发损失水量分别占总蒸发损失水量的77.7%,13.3%,3.6%和5.4%,蒸发损失水量约占源头泵站抽水量的17.46%,使工程平均调水效率降低10.33%.调水工程可以考虑采用管道输水,从而避免蒸发损失.     

A flexible approach to managing variability in grain yield and nitrate leaching at within-field to farm scales

We up-scaled the APSIM simulation model of crop growth, water and nitrogen dynamics to interpret and respond to spatial and temporal variations in soil, season and crop performance and improve yield and decrease nitrate leaching. Grain yields, drainage below the maximum root depth and nitrate leaching are strongly governed by interaction of plant available soil water storage capacity (PAWC), seasonal rainfall and nitrogen supply in the water-limited Mediterranean-type environment of Western Australia (WA). APSIM simulates the interaction of these key system parameters and the robustness of its simulations has been rigorously tested with the results of several field experiments covering a range of soil types and seasonal conditions in WA. We used yield maps, soil and weather data for farms at two locations in WA to determine spatial and temporal patterns of grain yield, drainage below the maximum root depth and nitrate leaching under a range of weather, soil and nitrogen management scenarios. On one farm, we up-scaled APSIM simulations across the whole farm using local weather and fertiliser use data and the average PAWC values of soil type polygons. On a 70 ha field on another farm, we used a linear regression of apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) measured by EM38 against PAWC to transform an EC_a map of the field into a high resolution (5 m grid) PAWC map. We then used regressions of simulated yields, drainage below the maximum root depth and nitrate leaching on PAWC to upscale the APSIM simulations for a range of weather and fertiliser management scenarios. This continuous mapping approach overcame the weakness of the soil polygons approach, which assumed uniformity in soil properties and processes within soil type polygons. It identified areas at greatest financial and environmental risks across the field, which required focused management and simulated their response to management interventions. Splitting nitrogen applications increased simulated wheat yields at all sites across the field and decreased nitrate leaching particularly where the water storage capacity of the soil was small. Low water storage capacity resulted in both low wheat yields and large leaching loss. Another management option to decrease leaching may be to grow perennial vegetation that uses more water and loses less by drainage.Paper from the 5th European Conference on Precision Agriculture (5ECPA), Uppsala, Sweden, 2005     

贵州生态承载力评价

基于生态承载力的理论和计算方法,采用《贵州省统计年鉴》生物资源和能源消费情况,计算和分析了贵州省2012年的生态承载力,结果表明,贵州省整个区域承载能力中等偏上,区域承受的压力不大。在9个地州中,最低的承栽压力度为0．43,最高的已达到1．53的强压水平。全省范围综合考虑,贵州省需发展循环经济,使社会、经济持续稳定发展,必须保护现有较好的生态环境并使资源能够持续利用,提高生态承载力,使经济发展同环境和自然资源的保护相统一。