Alleviating effects of β‐glucan in Oreochromis niloticus on growth performance,immune reactions,antioxidant, transcriptomics disorders and resistance to Aeromonas sobria caused by atrazine

Three hundred Oreochromis niloticus were divided into five groups; the control fish (CNT) were fed a basal diet, beta glucan (βG) group was fed 0.5 g/kg^?1 βG, atrazine (ATZ) group was exposed to 1/5 96‐hr LC₅₀ (1.39 mg/L) ATZ, the (βG/ATZ) group was fed βG while being exposed to ATZ, and the (βG then ATZ) group was supplemented with βG for fifteen days before exposed to ATZ. ATZ exposure caused a decline in growth that was ameliorated by βG. ATZ reduced the levels of total and different types of leucocytes. Additionally, ATZ exposure caused reductions in total proteins, globulins, α 1‐globulin, α 2‐globulin, ?‐globulin, immunoglobulin M, lysozymes, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide and catalase but increases in hepatic transaminases and malondialdehyde without any variations in albumin and β‐globulin. Exposure to ATZ also resulted in a rise in the mRNA level of IL‐8. In contrast, expression of IgM, SOD and CAT were decreased in the tilapias exposed to ATZ. Exposure to ATZ increases the susceptibility response to Aeromonas sobria challenge, as indicated by an increase in cumulative mortality post‐challenge. Supplementation with βG fifteen days before (βG then ATZ group), counteracted the adverse effects of ATZ on the immune, biochemical and antioxidants values, though only slight alleviation was observed with simultaneous treatment (βG/ATZ group). Our results established that ATZ has adverse impacts on immune responses, antioxidant equilibrium and its related genes. While, supplementation with βG before exposure to ATZ may be valuable for counteracting the possible damage caused by ATZ water pollution than its simultaneous treatment with ATZ.     

Dietary supplementation of β‐glucan improves growth performance,the innate immune response and stress resistance of red sea bream,Pagrus major

A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemented diets with β‐glucan (BG) at four levels [0 (D1), 250 (D2), 500 (D3) and 1000 (D4) mg BG kg^?1] on red sea bream, Pagrus major. The obtained results revealed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, body protein content, lysozyme activity and tolerance against low‐salinity stress test in all BG‐supplemented groups when compared with BG‐free group. Furthermore, D4 group resulted in a significant increase in feed efficiency ratio, protein gain, protein and lipid digestibilities, serum bactericidal activity and peroxidase content when compared with D1 group (P < 0.05). Haematocrit and plasma protein content in D3 group were significantly higher than those in D1 group (P < 0.05). Interestingly, BG supplementation decreased glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in D2 group and reactive oxygen metabolites in D2, D3 and D4 groups when compared with D1 group. Following low‐salinity stress test, significantly higher amounts of secreted mucus were observed in fish fed D2 and D4 diets than those from fish fed D1 diet (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of BG improves growth, stress resistance and immune response of P. major.     

Adjuvant effect of mushroom glucan and bovine lactoferrin upon Aeromonas hydrophila vaccination in catla, Catla catla (Hamilton)

Mushroom glucan and bovine lactoferrin (Lf), known for their immunostimulatory potential, were used as adjuvant in conjunction with a formalin-killed Aeromonas hydrophila vaccine in catla, Catla catla. In vitro antigen-specific responsiveness of catla leucocytes and protective responses against experimental challenge with homologous antigen were monitored following immunization. Antigen-specific proliferation, 'macrophage activating factor' (MAF) production and antibody production were significantly higher in fish injected with glucan adjuvanted vaccine. Lf adjuvanted preparations showed a weak proliferative response and MAF production, although the antibody production was significantly higher than the controls. A good degree of protection was achieved with the glucan adjuvanted vaccine. However, in spite of producing significant anti-A. hydrophila antibody, Lf adjuvanted vaccine did not confer any protection following challenge with A. hydrophila. The potential of adjuvanticity of mushroom glucan and bovine Lf in intraperitoneal vaccination is discussed.     

高分子多肽衍生物防治风蚀的风洞试验

利用高分子化学材料改善地表结构进行化学固沙,是防治风蚀的重要措施之一。为寻找有效的高分子化学材料防治黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错区风积沙及沙黄土风蚀,将不同剂量(0(喷清水为对照)、0.4、0.6及1.2 g/m~2)的4种高分子化学材料聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide,PAM)、阳离子羟丙基多糖(cationic hydroxypropyl quito sugar,Jag C162)、羧甲基纤维素(carboxymethyl cellulose,CMC)及羟丙基化多糖(hydroxypropyl polysaccharide,HP-120)喷施于沙黄土及风积沙表面,进行室内风洞试验,测定其风蚀率及表面固积层硬度。结果表明:喷施不同剂量的高分子化学材料PAM、Jag C162、CMC及HP-120于沙黄土及风积沙表面均能显著降低松散扰动沙黄土及风积沙的风蚀率(P0.05)。总体而言,在相同条件下,与其他3种材料相比,PAM防治沙黄土表面风蚀的效果最好,而CMC在防治风积沙风蚀效果最好。喷施4种化学材料于沙黄土和风积沙表面均能显著增加固结层的硬度(0.4 g/m~2 Jag C162除外),且PAM对提高沙黄土表面硬度效果较好,Jag C162、CMC及HP-120对提高风积沙结皮硬度效果较好,其中CMC效果最显著;使用4种高分子化学材料防治风积沙和沙黄土风蚀时,当施用剂量控制在1.2 g/m~2时,几乎可以抵御14 m/s的大风,历时20 min的吹蚀而不产生风蚀。     

Induced distal defence potentiation against Phytophthora sojae in soybean

Soybean phenylpropanoid defence responses to the wall glucan elicitor (WGE) fromPhytophthora sojae include the accumulation of phenolic polymers and glyceollin in cells immediately proximal to the point of treatment and the accumulation of conjugates of the isoflavones, daidzein and genistein, in distal cells. Since daidzein is a glyceollin precursor and genistein is both toxic to P. sojae and implicated in local potentiation of competency for the glyceollin response, it has been hypothesized that the distal cell response might raise the defence potential of cells distant from the infection court. In this paper, it is demonstrated that the WGE is indeed highly effective in protecting cells distal to the point of treatment from infection by P. sojae. Mycolaminaran, jasmonic acid (JA), methyl jasmonate and the ethylene precursor, 1-amino-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC), are also effective, while salicylic acid (SA) is not. Methyl jasmonate, WGE and mycolaminaran are most effective, resulting in nearly complete protection against the pathogen even in the universally susceptible line, Williams. Dose response data revealed two distinct types of protection shared by all treatments. The first contains the pathogen to the point of inoculation, while the second is lesion limiting. Lesion limiting protection correlates very well with pre-infectional levels of genistein conjugates and accumulation of a specific peroxidase isozyme, P 2-4, and with post-infectional accumulation of glyceollin, suggesting that this type of protection may be the result of a distal potentiation of glyceollin elicitation competency. The mechanism underlying local containment protection is unknown, but it does not correlate well with any of the established phenylpropanoid responses.     

生物质基木质纤维复合膜的制备及性能

半纤维素是木质纤维的主要组分之一,但其潜在应用价值远没有得到开发和利用。以毛竹季铵盐半纤维素为原料与羧甲基纤维素通过流延法制备复合膜材料。FT-IR、XRD结果表明,复合膜制备中无新键形成,QH与CMC主要通过氢键和静电吸引结合;由SEM及AFM可知,复合膜表面光滑、结构致密,说明这两种高分子通过这种物理方式结合紧密;复合膜抗拉强度随着CMC的比例增加而增加,且最大值可达65.2MPa。通过UV-vis测试,复合膜透光率均高于80%。由于复合膜具有良好的力学性能和透光率,制备过程工艺简单,并且两种生物质大分子具有生物相容性,因此,复合膜可用于食品包装领域,并为生物质木质纤维的利用开拓新的途径。     

啤酒废酵母综合利用的研究

本文对利用啤酒废酵母联产高品质酵母抽提物和碱不溶性葡聚糖的工艺条件进行了研究,结果表明:采用外源双蛋白酶和核酸酶的方法,酵母抽提物中氨基氮的含量和5′—核苷酸的含量分别为5.31mg/mL和9.04 mg/mL,酵母抽提物风味醇厚,产率达到60.18%。采用碱法从制备抽提物后的酵母残渣中提取碱不溶性葡聚糖,通过正交试验确定出优化条件为:碱浓度1.00 mol/L,添加量6:1(v/w),作用温度90℃,作用时间5h。此优化条件下,制得的碱不溶性葡聚糖得率为9.70%,其中多糖含量为92.35%,蛋白质残留量为0.68%。     

川陈皮素-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜对黄瓜保鲜效果的影响

以"绿箭一号"黄瓜为试材,研究了不同质量分数的川陈皮素-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜材料对黄瓜的保鲜效果,以期在贮藏过程中减少其营养物质的损失。结果表明:与对照(蒸馏水)组相比,川陈皮素-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜材料能有效降低黄瓜的失重率,减慢了黄瓜水分的散失;延缓了黄瓜中叶绿素的分解;减少了黄瓜中维生素C、可溶性固形物的分解及丙二醛(MDA)的累积,并降低了多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性。当川陈皮素添加量为2 g·L-1时,黄瓜有较佳的保鲜效果,可将其贮藏期延长至18 d,该研究可为黄瓜的贮藏保鲜方法提供参考依据。     

蛇笼型螯合树脂CMC/EDA/B-62的合成及性能研究

以羧甲基纤维素（CMC）为蛇树脂,乙二胺（EDA）-甘油环氧树脂（B-62）体系为笼树脂,合成了一种新型弱酸弱碱型两性螯合树脂。研究了该对脂对Cu^2 、Pb^2 、Ni^2 、Zn^2 的吸附容量,吸附动力学及等温吸附过程等静态吸附性能。结果表明,该树脂树Cu^2 、Ni^2 、Zn^2 吸附容量可分别达到1.72,0.43.0.37和0.13mmol/g。