羧甲基纤维素钠对壤砂土水分运动及水力参数的影响

科学使用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)实现保水控盐对于滨海壤砂盐碱土改良具有重要意义,而明晰CMC对滨海壤砂土水分运动规律的影响是科学使用CMC的重要基础。为研究施加CMC滨海壤砂土水分运动规律,本文通过开展一维垂直土柱积水入渗试验,探索不同CMC施量(0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6 g?kg-1) 对壤砂土入渗特性、水分分布和土壤水力参数的影响。结果表明,施用CMC土壤的最终累积入渗量增加了4.90％～15.17％、达到预设湿润锋深度的入渗时间增加了61.90%～604.73%;Philip入渗模型参数吸渗率S和Green-Ampt模型参数KsSf均随CMC施量的增加而减少,吸渗率S和平均土壤水扩散率与CMC施量之间的数学关系分别可用二次多项式和指数函数来表示;CMC增强了土壤的持水能力,土壤剖面含水量提高了0.72%～3.74%;CMC通过改变土壤结构影响了土壤水力参数,滞留含水率θr、饱和含水率θs及进气吸力倒数α均与CMC施量呈正相关关系,而与饱和导水率Ks和形状系数n呈反比关系。通过对变异系数CV的分析发现,CMC对饱和导水率Ks和进气吸力倒数α影响表现为中等差异,对滞留含水率θr、饱和含水率θs和形状系数n表现为弱差异。研究结果揭示了CMC对滨海壤砂土减渗保水的内在机理,为滨海盐碱地的改良提供了理论参考。     

喷施羧甲基纤维素铵对土壤水热效应及饲用苏丹草根系和产量的影响

【目的】研究喷施羧甲基纤维素铵（CMC-NH₄）对土壤含水量和温度及苏丹草根系和产量的影响,为解决宁夏引黄灌区热量紧缺问题、保障后茬作物稳产增产提供技术支撑。【方法】在宁夏引黄灌区,以小麦收获后复种的苏丹草为材料,采用大田试验,设置喷施0 kg/hm² (CK)、50 kg/hm² (T1)、100 kg/hm² (T2)、200 kg/hm² (T3)和300 kg/hm² (T4) CMC-NH₄ 5个处理,研究喷施CMC-NH₄对土壤含水量和温度,以及苏丹草根系特征、株高和干草产量的影响,并分析了CMC-NH₄喷施量与土壤含水量、温度及苏丹草生长指标和产量间的相关性。【结果】喷施CMC-NH₄处理土壤含水量较对照显著提高2.82%~29.19%(P＜0.05),且随着CMC-NH₄喷施量的增加而增大。喷施CMC-NH₄处理土壤温度较对照显著提高5.14%~31.82%,且随着CMC-NH₄喷施量的增加而增大。在0~30 cm土层,与对照相比,喷施CMC-NH₄处理苏丹草的根长、根直径、根表面积和根体积分别显著提高16.35%~ 65.52%,7.69%~30.77%,42.40%~93.85%和120.76%~229.90%;0~10 cm土层苏丹草根长、根直径、根表面积和根体积占0~30 cm土层的比例均最高,根长、根直径、根表面积和根体积分别较对照提高了21.21%~74.76%,9.68%~58.06%,61.95%~136.13%和122.60%~273.18%。与对照相比,喷施CMC-NH₄处理苏丹草0~1.0 mm径级根长、根表面积和根体积显著提高,其中以0.6~1.0 mm径级根系增加幅度较大。喷施CMC-NH₄处理苏丹草株高和干草产量较对照分别显著增加了9.34%~22.52%和55.50%~110.55%。相关性分析结果表明,CMC-NH₄喷施量与土壤含水量、温度及苏丹草的根直径、体积和干草产量呈极显著正相关,与根长和根表面积呈显著正相关。【结论】在宁夏引黄灌区农田喷施CMC-NH₄能够改善土壤水温状况,促进苏丹草根系生长,提高干草产量,当CMC-NH₄喷施量为200 kg/hm²时效果最佳。     

Interaction between the sequence of feeding of hay and concentrate,and boiling of barley on feed intake,the activity of hydrolytic enzymes and fermentation in the hindgut of Arabian mares

The interaction between the sequence of feeding of hay and concentrate and the hydrothermal processing of barley in alleviating concentrate effects on intake, and hindgut fermentation in horses was tested. Six Arabian mares (4–10 years of age, 410 ± 35 kg body weight) were used to evaluate the effects of feeding sequence (FS) and type of barley (TB) on intake, and faecal volatile fatty acids (VFA), activities of α‐amylase (AA: EC 3.2.1.1), carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase: EC 3.2.1.4), microcrystalline cellulase (MCCase: EC 3.2.1.91) and general filter paper degrading activity (FPD). Mares were offered a ration of air‐dried alfalfa and concentrate (70:30 as‐fed) in four subsequent periods of 14 days including 8 days of adaptation and 6 days of sampling. In each period and each meal, mares received concentrate either 30 min after (HC) or 30 min before (CH) alfalfa hay. Barley was either milled or boiled in water. Rectal samples were grabbed directly from rectum once per period. Mares subjected to CH had higher dry matter intakes than mares under HC regime. The acetate:propionate ratio (A:P ratio) in rectal content was higher with CH than HC. The AA activity was higher under CH than under HC. Mares fed boiled barley had lower rectal concentrations of VFA and propionate and a higher A:P ratio than mares fed milled barley. Furthermore, the rectal content showed a higher MCCase activity but a lower AA activity when mares were fed boiled compared with milled barley. Interactions between FS and TB were observed with respect to CMCase activity, and concentrations of propionate and valerate. In conclusion, the present results suggest that both, feeding concentrate before hay and boiling the barley, might improve the hindgut environment in Arabian mares, and that the two measures were mostly additive and sometimes even synergistic.     

含有蒙脱土和多糖的吸水性复合物对彩叶草扦插生根能力的影响

为了提高彩叶草的生根能力,笔者在能耗低的室温下合成了含有天然产物蒙脱土(MMT)和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)的环境友好型吸水性复合物。采用正交实验法研究了吸水性复合物的组成和合成条件对彩叶草生根指标的影响规律,运用层次分析法(AHP)筛选出了综合生根能力最佳时的吸水性复合物。结果表明所合成的吸水性复合物均不同程度地提高了彩叶草的生根能力,但不同组成复合物间的差别很大。吸水性复合物中天然组分含量对彩叶草生根影响显著,其中粘土类天然产物MMT对彩叶草根系的形成后期（根系质量及生长速度）影响最大,多糖类天然产物CMC对彩叶草插穗的根系形成前期（促进插穗伤口愈合和生根）影响最大。施用综合生根能力最佳的吸水性复合物,彩叶草的生根率、生根数、总根长、最长根长、根系干重和综合生根能力分别是对照试样的6、20、22、2.3、7.2和18.4倍,这对提高彩叶草等草花的繁殖系数有重要意义,为该类吸水性复合物在园林扦插繁殖中的应用提供了试验依据。 关键词：彩叶草;综合生根能力;吸水性复合物;蒙脱土;羧甲基纤维素钠;层次分析法     

Effects of storage on the physico-chemical properties of corn tortillas prepared with glycerol and salt

Corn tortillas have a short shelf life due to increased firmness and microbial spoilage. Commercial corn tortillas use carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to delay staling; however this gum is expensive when compared to the rest of the tortilla ingredients. Glycerol has been added to bread and wheat tortillas to increase pliability and salt has been shown to mask the flavor of glycerol in corn tortillas. The possibility to reduce staling in corn tortillas by adding glycerol/salt as an alternative to CMC was investigated by monitoring changes in physico-chemical properties during 2 weeks of storage at 25 °C. Molecular and macroscopic changes were followed using thermal and mechanical analysis. During storage an increase in amylopectin recrystallization was observed in all samples. The “freezable” water content of all tortillas decreased over the first 3–5 days of storage with an increase after 7 days, while moisture content and water activity remained constant. Glycerol/salt tortillas exhibited a sharper transition region in the DMA temperature scan suggesting a more homogenous sample. CMC tortillas were significantly stiffer than glycerol tortillas after 14 days of storage. Glycerol/salt combinations may offer at least a partial replacement for CMC since it helped control the stiffness, water homogeneity and distribution during storage.     

羧甲基壳聚糖的研制

研究了羧甲基壳聚糖的制备方法和最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明 :氢氧化钠与氯乙酸重量比为 0 .9∶1,控制反应温度 5 5℃ ,反应时间 4h ,所制备的羧甲基壳聚糖的取代度为 80 .4 1%。     

大蒜精油-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜提高草莓贮藏效果

为了减少草莓在贮藏过程中的腐败变质延长草莓保质期,在质量分数为1.0%的羧甲基纤维素钠溶液中添加大蒜精油(体积分数:0、2、4、6μL/100 m L)制成复合溶液作为涂膜材料,涂膜液浸泡30 s于新鲜草莓表面,分析草莓在(20±2)℃贮藏过程中的品质变化。结果表明,与对照组未涂膜相比,大蒜精油-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜材料能显著(P0.05)降低草莓在贮藏过程中的的呼吸作用强度和腐烂变质(P0.05),减少果实失重率;延缓草莓果实花色苷的分解,有良好的护色作用;另外,大蒜精油-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜材料减少了草莓中可滴定酸度、维生素C、可溶性固形物的分解及丙二醛的累积。综合不同处理组草莓在贮藏过程中的品质变化,确定当大蒜精油添加量为4μL/100 m L时,草莓有较佳的保鲜效果,可为草莓果实的贮藏保鲜方法提供参考。     

Laminarin,a Major Polysaccharide in Stramenopiles

During the processes of primary and secondary endosymbiosis, different microalgae evolved to synthesis different storage polysaccharides. In stramenopiles, the main storage polysaccharides are β-1,3-glucan, or laminarin, in vacuoles. Currently, laminarin is gaining considerable attention due to its application in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceuticals industries, and also its importance in global biogeochemical cycles (especially in the ocean carbon cycle). In this review, the structures, composition, contents, and bioactivity of laminarin were summarized in different algae. It was shown that the general features of laminarin are species-dependence. Furthermore, the proposed biosynthesis and catabolism pathways of laminarin, functions of key genes, and diel regulation of laminarin were also depicted and comprehensively discussed for the first time. However, the complete pathways, functions of genes, and diel regulatory mechanisms of laminarin require more biomolecular studies. This review provides more useful information and identifies the knowledge gap regarding the future studies of laminarin and its applications.     

可食性液态膜复合保鲜剂对番茄保鲜效果的研究

以番茄为试材,通过壳聚糖、可溶性淀粉、羧甲基纤维素钠配制成不同浓度的复合保鲜液浸泡涂膜处理,研究其对番茄保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,复合保鲜液涂膜可有效地降低番茄果实的失重率、腐烂率、可溶性固形物含量,抑制多酚氧化酶活性,维持番茄VC含量,保持番茄果实较好的感官品质,且以0.5%壳聚糖+0.8%可溶性淀粉+0.3%羧甲基纤维素钠复配的复合保鲜液涂膜对番茄有较好的保鲜效果,15℃环境下其货架期延长到15 d以上。