不同施氮量的烤烟烟叶大田生长期碳水化合物的变化

 通过对烤烟品种红花大金元(简称“HD”)和K326的3个施氮量大田生长期烟叶中的碳水化合物的研究得出如下结论:2个品种移栽后不同施氮量、不同部位的烟叶可溶性总糖含量逐渐增加,移栽后72 d含量达到最高,然后迅速下降,82 d以后到成熟其含量趋于稳定。2个品种烟叶中的还原糖含量的变化规律与可溶性总糖的变化规律一致。移栽后两个品种各施氮量处理中部、上部烟叶的淀粉含量在42 d（下部叶在32 d） 出现一个高峰,移栽后60 d淀粉含量有所下降,以后迅速上升,72 d以后上升趋势趋于平缓。下部叶淀粉含量移栽后82 d达到高峰,以后随烟叶衰老淀粉含量下降。不同施氮量对可溶性总糖、还原糖和淀粉含量没有显著影响。     

The regulation of mycorrhiza formation— carbohydrate and hormone theories reviewed

Two “classical” theories, both originating in Elias Melin's laboratory in Uppsala, have tried to explain the regulation of ectomycorrhiza formation. The carbohydrate theory, formulated by E. Björkman in 1942, identifies root carbohydrate concentrations as regulatory, while these are in turn considered to be strongly influenced by plant mineral nutrition and light conditions. The hormone theory, expounded by V. Slankis in the 1960s, claims auxin of fungal origin to be the key regulator, influencing root carbohydrate status, while the fungus itself may, to some extent, be affected by mineral nutrition. Both theories have been subject to much discussion and have led to further work, without ever having been conclusively proven experimentally. Recent results in Uppsala and elsewhere have shed new light on several of the key issues. The development of research in this field since 1942 is critically reviewed in light of later data, and a unifying theory is sketched on the basis of E. Hacskaylo's proposal from 1969 to reconcile contradictory results.     

饲料碳水化合物水平对南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)幼鱼肝脏、胰脏和肾脏的组织学影响

为研究饲料碳水化合物对南方鲇（Silurus meridionalis）的组织结构的影响,配制分别含0%,15%,30%糊化玉米淀粉的等能饲料分别作为对照、中水平和高水平碳水化合物（CHO）饲料,观察以3种饲料喂养8周后南方鲇鱼体肝脏、胰脏和肾脏的组织形态学.结果发现：中水平碳水化合物和高水平碳水化合物组的肝细胞多发生肿胀和空泡化,部分肝细胞膜破裂.中水平碳水化合物和高水平碳水化合物组的肝细胞密度差异不显著,二者均显著低于对照组（p〈0.05）.高水平碳水化合物组肝细胞短径显著大于对照组（p〈0.05）,二者均与中水平碳水化合物组无显著差异.中水平碳水化合物和高水平碳水化合物组肝细胞核多移至细胞边位,大小无明显变化.中水平碳水化合物和高水平碳水化合物组的胰脏和肾脏组织结构与对照组相比没有明显变化.结果表明：摄食过高水平碳水化合物饲料对南方鲇幼鱼的肝脏组织结构有一定程度的损害,验证了饲料碳水化合物对肉食性鱼类在组织学水平上的营养胁迫.     

Effects of Soil Temperature on Growth and Root Function in Rice

Abstract

The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of soil temperature in the stage from late tillering to panicle initiation (SI) and during the grain-filling stage (SII) on grain setting, dry matter production, photosynthesis, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC), xylem exudation and abscisic acid (ABA) levels in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari). Rice plants were exposed to four different soil temperatures during SI or SII: 17.5, 25, 31.5 and 36.5°C (ST18, ST25, ST32 and ST37, respectively). The yield, yield components, grain filling and quality in SI were negatively influenced by high soil temperature of 37°C. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in those characters among temperature treatments in SII. The root/shoot ratio was smallest in the ST37 plants in both SI and SII, mainly due to their lighter root weight. At 7 days after initiation of treatment (DAT) in both SI and SII, the photosynthetic and xylem exudation rate tended to increase slightly as soil temperature increased up to 32°C. At 21 DAT, however, the photosynthetic rate was lowest in ST37, with concurrent decrease of diffusion conductance and SPAD value. In addition, decrease of NSC concentration in stem and xylem exudation rate, and increase of ABA level in leaves and xylem exudate were observed in ST37 plants at 21 DAT. These results suggested that high soil temperature before heading especially influenced yield, grain quality and plant growth. Possible mechanisms of the effect of soil temperature are discussed.     

Low-protein supplement increases protein retention and reduces the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus wasted by rainbow trout fed on low-fat herring

The growth, food utilization and amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus lost into the water by rainbow trout (initial size 485 g) fed on low-fat Baltic herring and supplemented with a low-protein dry diet fed separately were studied in an 18-week net cage trial. Similarly to balancing protein and nonprotein energy in full diets, giving nonprotein energy in different feeds several hours apart improved the protein retention of low-fat herring to a level comparable to a commercially available dry diet control. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus lost into the water were also reduced to the same extent. The losses from the plain herring-feeding were twice as high. The improved protein retention and reduced nutrient losses were accompanied by 15–25% reductions in growth of the fish compared with the control dry diet. The growth of the fish fed on plain herring was 14% lower than the growth on the dry diet control.     

紫花苜蓿甘氨酸脱羧酶H-蛋白基因MsGDC-H1功能分析

光呼吸通过清除2-磷酸乙醇酸(2-PG)使氧合光合作用成为可能,该过程对C3植物至关重要。H-蛋白是光呼吸过程中将甘氨酸转化为丝氨酸的甘氨酸脱羧酶(GDC)的关键组成蛋白之一。本研究克隆了紫花苜蓿MsGDCH1,该基因编码166个氨基酸,具有1个硫辛酰基附着位点保守结构域和1个N6-硫辛酰赖氨酸保守位点。进化分析表明,MsGDC-H1蛋白与双子叶植物的甘氨酸脱羧酶H-蛋白(GDC-H)亲缘关系近。表达模式分析表明,MsGDC-H1在苜蓿叶中表达丰度高,且受光诱导。为了探究MsGDC-H1基因对拟南芥生长的影响,分别使用光诱导的茎叶特异性启动子ST-LS1和组成型启动子CaMV 35S驱动MsGDC-H1(ST-LS1::MsGDC-H1;CaMV35S::MsGDC-H1)在拟南芥中异源表达。检测过表达植株生物量、淀粉、可溶性糖含量以及光合速率。数据分析显示,CaMV 35S::MsGDC-H1过表达拟南芥(G系列植株)生长受阻,淀粉含量比ST-LS1::MsGDC-H1特异性表达拟南芥(GS系列植株)增加了34%~67%,比野生型(WT)增加了7。3%~33。7%;可溶性糖含量比GS系列降低了36%~38%,比WT增加了44。3%~49。7%;与WT相比,GS系列植株生长更快,淀粉含量无显著差异(P>0。05),可溶性糖含量显著增加(P<0。05)。试验结果表明,MsGDC-H1基因在调控拟南芥光合速率、碳水化合物合成以及生长等方面发挥重要作用,未来可作为提高苜蓿产量的基因工程育种候选基因。     

水稻灌浆期穗颈瘟发生对产量及茎节代谢产物的影响

【目的】检测自然条件下稻瘟病感病品种茎节的代谢产物,从代谢物角度解析水稻品种感病和产量降低的原因,为粳稻品种感病机理研究和生态防控提供理论依据。【方法】以稻瘟病感病品种辽星1号和粳型恢复系C418为材料,灌浆期调查穗颈瘟发病率,同时采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)非靶向代谢组学方法检测感病茎节和正常茎节的代谢产物,利用主成分分析(PCA)感病茎节与正常茎节之间代谢物组成,利用偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA)的变量权重值(VIP>1.0)进行两者之间差异代谢产物种类的筛选,比较两者糖类物质和氨基酸类物质的差异,从代谢物角度解析水稻品种产量降低的原因。成熟期进行结实率、千粒重、粒长、糙米率等产量和品质性状测定。【结果】辽星1号和C418穗颈瘟发病率分别为57.23%和82.94%。穗颈瘟显著降低一次枝梗整精米率、二次枝梗的结实率、千粒重、长宽比和整精米率,其他性状无显著差异。辽星1号和C418的茎节GC-MS检测均定性到358种代谢产物,感病茎节上调了73.46%和67.88%的代谢产物。PCA和PLS-DA分析可以将感病茎节和正常茎节的代谢产物清楚分开,辽星1号和C418的感病...     

Carbohydrate utilization by juvenile silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell). I. Uptake and clearance of monosaccharides following intraperitoneal injection

Abstract Intraperitoneal carbohydrate tolerance tests were done to assess the ability of silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus, to utilize the predominant monosaccharides in plant ingredients currently being used in the formulation of aquaculture feeds for this species. Preliminary experiments carried out to assess baseline plasma glucose concentrations indicated that blood glucose levels were elevated within 2 min of handling and silver perch required a period of 48 h without feeding before plasma glucose levels remained constant. In the first carbohydrate test, either glucose, galactose or xylose were administered by injection into the intraperitoneal cavity at a dose rate of 1 g carbohydrate kg^?1 body weight (BW). In the second carbohydrate test, glucose was administered at a dose rate of either 2 or 4 g glucose kg BW^?1. Following injection, uptake and clearance rate of the carbohydrates from the blood stream was monitored over a 24‐h period. Silver perch were significantly more efficient at the uptake and clearance of glucose from the blood stream than xylose or galactose. Maximum plasma glucose concentrations (22.2 mmol L ^?1) were recorded at 1 h following injection and basal levels (3.44 mm ) were attained between 6 and 12 h following injection. For both galactose and xylose, maximum concentrations were recorded at 1 and 3 h, respectively, and concentrations of both monosaccharides remained significantly elevated 24 h after the administration. Plasma glucose concentrations of silver perch administered with either 2 or 4 g glucose kg BW^?1 were significantly elevated and peaked at similar levels (30.2 mmol L ^?1 and 30.7 mmol L ^?1 respectively) 3 h after injection. Basal plasma glucose concentrations were attained in silver perch injected with 2 g glucose kg BW^?1 at 24 h following administration. Plasma glucose concentrations remained significantly elevated in fish injected with 4 g glucose kg BW^?1 after 24 h. These findings indicate that silver perch are more efficient at utilizing glucose than either xylose or galactose, and that there are also differing maximum threshold for the inclusion of ingredients rich in glucose, galactose and xylose into the diets of silver perch.     

能量溢出与储备碳水化合物合成对瘤胃微生物生长效率影响的研究进展

瘤胃微生物将一些ATP用来维持代谢,剩余的ATP用来进行储备碳水化合物合成和能量溢出（进行无效循环并产热）,因此,瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成效率较低。瘤胃原虫贮存的碳水化合物占绝大部分。在一些细菌纯培养实验中发现有能量溢出,最近研究发现在混合瘤胃菌群中也能发生能量溢出。通过精确测定碳水化合物贮存和能量溢出的量,以及二者对微生物生长效率的影响,可以预测微生物蛋白质产量,制定提高瘤胃微生物蛋白质生产效率的措施。综述了瘤胃微生物能量溢出和糖原储备规律方面的研究进展,以期为估测微生物蛋白质合成量,提高饲料蛋白质利用效率提供参考。     

Seasonal and Diurnal Variation in Water-Soluble Carbohydrate Concentrations of Repeatedly Defoliated Red and White Clovers in Central Kentucky

Nonstructural carbohydrates of pasture plants, comprising water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) and starch, may contribute to excessive consumption of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates by grazing horses. Seasonal and diurnal variation in WSCs were studied in red (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clovers (Trifolium repens L.) subjected to a typical management regime of rotationally grazed horse pastures. Two red and two white clover cultivars from monoculture plots were harvested after 4 weeks of growth from April to October of 2015, in the morning and afternoon of each harvest date. Water-soluble carbohydrates were quantified for each harvest, and starch was quantified for two harvests. Mean monthly WSC concentrations ranged from 80 to 99 mg/g (freeze-dried weight basis), whereas mean starch concentrations were 31 and 40 mg/g. In September, white clover had 14% more WSCs than red clover (P < .0001). Water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations were 10% higher in the afternoon than in the morning (P < .0001). Starch concentrations were 290% higher in the afternoon than in the morning (P < .0001), and nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations in the afternoon averaged 150 mg/g. Further studies are needed to determine whether the mixed grass-legume pastures of central Kentucky accumulate enough nonstructural carbohydrates to present risk factors for equine metabolic or digestive dysfunction.