冻结红松和大青杨湿木材内部水分存在状态及含量测定

为对立木在冬季冻结时内部水分存在状态及含量进行研究,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC204)分别对红松和大青杨湿木材试样进行降温(20℃到-60℃)和升温(-60℃到20℃)扫描测试,通过DSC曲线观察木材中水分冻结和融化所产生的放热峰和吸热峰位置,并采用积分法计算吸热峰面积,估计木材中水分存在状态及含量。结果表明:1)采用DSC能够对冻结木材中水分存在状态、含量进行比较清晰的判定,从DSC曲线可知,冻结湿木材中含有冻结自由水、冻结结合水和非冻结水3种类型水分;2)温度降低时,红松和大青杨中自由水冻结产生的放热峰位置约为-13℃和-18℃;温度升高时,冻结结合水和自由水融化所产生的吸热峰位置分别约为-0.4℃,6℃和0.8℃,9℃;3)温度-60℃时,红松边材晚材、边材早材、心材晚材和心材早材试样中冻结水占木材总含水量的80.3%,75.8%,75.2%和77.3%,而大青杨分别为69.4%,68.5%,63.3%和89.0%。     

肉用仔鸡维持代谢能测定方法的探讨

以星布罗(Starbro)肉仔鸡为试验动物,进行梯度饲养,比较屠宰和间接呼吸测热试验,采用不同的统计分析处理.比较探讨八种维持代谢能(MEm)的测定方法和肉用仔鸡的MEm的测定值。试验结果表明,四种方法均有各自特点,虽有系统性误差,应用得当均可采用,所得到的MEm值差异不大。简要结果归纳于下: 方法一:间接呼吸测热法的饥饿代谢试验结合一元线性回归分析,当Km=0.80,测得MEm值为111.69-114.31 KcaL/kg~(0.75)日,日龄0-63天。方法二:梯度饲养试验结合一元线性回归分析,可在0-42日龄内可测得近似MEm值为103.99-115.66KcaL/kg~(0.75)日。认为本方法只适用于生长动物,对内用仔鸡的最适日龄为O-42天。方法三与方法四:梯度饲养与比较屠宰试验分别结合一元和二元线性回归分析,测得肉仔鸡的MEm值为104.48,104.92和101.13kcaL/kg~(0.75)日,日龄为16-63天。方法三适用于各种类型动物的MEm值测定,准确、可靠,可得出标准结果。方法四则最适用于成年或者生长平缓的生长动物。     

The C bicarbonate dilution technique to determine energy expenditure in young bulls validated by indirect calorimetry

We explored the applicability of the ¹³C bicarbonate dilution technique for determination of energy expenditure (EE) in young bulls in comparison to whole body indirect calorimetry (IC). Twelve bulls of a F2 German Holstein x Charolais cross (4.5 months, 332 ± 16 kg BM) received a diet providing 1000 kJ ME d^− 1 kg BM^− 0.75 and 4.3 g crude protein d^− 1 kg BM^− 0.75. Bulls were housed in respiration chambers and received an intravenous bolus of NaH¹³CO₃ (A: 3 μmol kg BM^− 1 (n = 2), B: 7 μmol kg BM^− 1 (n = 4), C: 17.5 μmol kg BM^− 1 (n = 6), 99 at.% ¹³C) into the jugular vein to measure EE. Simultaneously, EE was determined by IC. After the ¹³C administration blood samples and breath gas were collected from the animals in the respiration chamber during a 24-h period (7.00–7.00 h). The recovery of ¹³C in breath CO₂ (% of ¹³C dose) was irrespective of NaH¹³CO₃ dose (A: 69.7 ± 2.7%, B: 70.5 ± 4.5%, C: 75.0 ± 4.9%; P > 0.05). Only small amounts of ¹³C were excreted in urine (3.4 ± 2.6%) and feces (2.0 ± 1.3%). The EE determined by the ¹³C bicarbonate method using breath and blood ¹³C recovery rates as correction factors was not different from that measured by IC (816 ± 81 [blood] or 827 ± 101 [breath] vs. 820 ± 90 kJ d^− 1 kg BM^− 0.75). Bland–Altman analysis showed a 95% confidence interval for EE of ± 99 and ± 109 kJ d^− 1 kg BM^− 0.75 based on blood and breath ¹³C recovery, respectively. In conclusion, the ¹³C bicarbonate dilution method is appropriate to obtain reliable estimates of EE in young bulls using blood CO₂ or breath CO₂ under standardized experimental conditions, i.e. in the fasting state.     

DSC法研究苯基异氰酸酯与木素、纤维素、木粉的反应特性

用差式扫描量热法(DSC)对苯基异氰酸酯与木素、纤维素、木粉的反应进行探究.在不同升温速率下,试验对比苯基异氰酸酯分别与木素、木粉在绝干含水率和平衡含水率(木素为3%,木粉为5%)条件下的反应特征;同时研究木素存在下苯基异氰酸酯与纤维素的反应特性.基于对DSC图的讨论分析和Ozawa方程,求解苯基异氰酸酯分别与木素、木粉反应的活化能,初步揭示异氰酸酯分别与木素、纤维素、木材的胶接反应特性.研究表明:苯基异氰酸酯与木素反应温度和活化能相对于苯基异氰酸酯与木粉反应的温度和活化能要低;木素与纤维素混合时,异氰酸酯主要与木素反应,当纤维素的含量较大时,纤维素与异氰酸酯反应程度加大;当木材含水率为5%时,水分导致含水木材与异氰酸酯反应活化能降低了34%.     

Additional data on energy requirements of young adult cats measured by indirect calorimetry

Measurements of nitrogen, carbon and energy balances were done on eight female adult cats aged approximately 1.5 years with the help of respiration chambers. The cats were fed with a marked dry food for kittens (Biomill kitten). Faeces and urine samples were collected with the help of a special cat toilet that allows the single collection of both materials. The calculated energy requirement of these eight female cats was 239.6 kJ ME/kg BW/day (R(2) = 0.98). Including the data, on 12 young male adult cats, of L?uger, (2001), an energy requirement of 238 kJ ME/kg BW/day (R(2) = 0.95) could be calculated. From these data, it can be followed that the energy requirements of young, active cats are higher than that of the older cats. The method of indirect calorimetry does not necessarily lead to lower energy requirements.     

Fatty acid turnover, substrate oxidation, and heat production in lean and obese cats during the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp

Simultaneous application of the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC) and indirect calorimetry was used to examine heat production, fat, and glucose metabolism in lean and obese adult neutered male and female cats. The results show that in lean insulin-sensitive cats glucose oxidation predominated during fasting, whereas lipid oxidation became more prominent in obese cats. Insulin infusion during the EHC in lean cats and obese male cats led to a large increase in glucose oxidation, glycogenesis, and lipogenesis. It also led to an increase in glucose oxidation and glycogenesis in obese female cats but it was significantly less compared to lean cats and obese males. This indicates that obese females show greater metabolic inflexibility. In obese cats of either gender, insulin caused greater suppression of non-esterified fatty acids compared to lean cats suggesting that obese cats show greater fatty acid clearance than lean cats. The heat production per metabolic size was lower in obese cats than lean cats. This would perpetuate obesity unless food intake is decreased. The higher glucose oxidation rate in obese neutered male cats suggests that they are able to replete their glycogen and lipid stores at a faster rate than females in response to insulin and it implies that they gain weight more rapidly. Further studies are needed to investigate if the different response to insulin of male cats is involved in their higher risk to develop diabetes.     

Experimental studies on the physico-chemical properties of banana fibre from various varieties

Natural cellulosic fibres from various varieties of banana plants such as Red Banana, Nendran, Rasthaly, Morris and Poovan have been extracted manually and the physico-chemical properties of these fibres are investigated. The tensile strength of these fibres varies from 176 MPa to 525 MPa. The untreated fibres have more tensile strength than the treated one. The thermal properties of these fibres are studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Two DSC thermal peaks, one is around 25°C to 180°C and the other is around 155°C to 240°C, are noticed. The tensile strengths have a direct correlation with the area of the lower thermal peak (enthalpy) and activation energy of the DSC, and also with the moisture absorption characteristics. The FTIR shows characteristic bands corresponds to cellulose. The reflections of the X-ray fibre diffraction pattern recorded for the banana fibre have been correlated with the mechanical strength.     

Development of biodegradable films based on blue corn flour with potential applications in food packaging. Effects of plasticizers on mechanical,thermal, and microstructural properties of flour films

In the present study, blue corn flour films were developed. The cereal grain’s total composition (excluding the pericarp) is used to obtain the films. The plasticizing effects of two different polyols such as glycerol and sorbitol on the mechanical, thermal, and microstructural properties of flour films were researched. The results showed that films plasticized with sorbitol had better mechanical properties and less affinity for water than those plasticized with glycerol. The sorbitol-plasticized films were more rigid and did not lose their integrity when immersed in water. The ATR-FTIR spectra of blue corn flour plasticizer with sorbitol showed the presence of the additional band at 1745 cm⁻¹ characteristic of the vibrational carbonyl peak, which confirms the chemical linkages between sorbitol and a polymeric matrix. The effect of the plasticizer on the glass transition temperature (T_g) was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). T_g decreased as the plasticizer content increased. Plasticized glycerol films showed lower T_g values than those with sorbitol. SEM observations showed that it was necessary to add plasticizer to maintain film integrity. The sorbitol-plasticized flour films revealed better adhesion between phases, and these films showed a compact structure.     

鱼皮明胶蛋白膜的制备及其热稳定性

利用鲨鱼皮明胶制备蛋白可食膜,测定了成膜液蛋白浓度、甘油含量对明胶蛋白膜理化性质的影响,以及环境湿度对膜热稳定性的影响.结果发现,利用鲨鱼皮明胶可以制备成无色透明的蛋白可食膜,成膜液蛋白浓度对明胶蛋白膜的断裂延伸率(EAB)、水蒸气透过率(WVP)以及透明度值有一定的影响,对拉伸强度(TS)没有发生显著影响,但甘油含量从10％增加到70％时蛋白膜的TS逐渐降低.利用DSC对膜的热稳定性进行分析,结果表明当水分活度(Aw) ＜0.33时,明胶蛋白膜在常温下可以处于玻璃态,机械性质能够保持稳定.然而,当Aw超过0.44后,膜的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)起始点低于25℃,膜的EAB上升,TS出现显著下降.当Aw达到0.92时,膜甚至开始溶解变成溶胶.因此,利用鲨鱼皮制备的明胶蛋白膜只适合在Aw小于0.44的干燥环境中应用.     

热分析法检测苦丁茶掺杂葡萄糖

用热分析方法对苦丁茶掺杂葡萄糖后热分解变化规律进行了研究,建立了一种快速简便鉴别苦丁茶掺杂的新方法。采用热重-微分热重法(TG-DTG)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)在静态空气气氛下对纯苦丁茶及掺入5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%质量分数葡萄糖的苦丁茶TG-DTG和DSC曲线进行分析,根据其图谱的特征差异进行鉴别。研究发现,在DTG曲线上苦丁茶311℃左右时逐渐热解炭化, 456℃以上开始燃烧;在DSC曲线上332℃左右和476℃左右有明显放热峰,纯苦丁茶和掺杂葡萄糖的苦丁茶的DTG曲线或DSC曲线都有明显差别,从峰的位置和焓值可快速简便的鉴别纯苦丁茶和掺杂苦丁茶。