Determination of the net energy content of canola meal from Brassica napus yellow and Brassica juncea yellow fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry

The net energy (NE) content of canola meals (CM; i.e. Brassica napus yellow and Brassica juncea yellow) in growing pigs was determined using an indirect calorimetry chamber or published prediction equations. The study was conducted as a completely randomized design (n = 6), with (i) a basal diet and (ii) 2 diets containing 700 g/kg of the basal diet and 300 g/kg of either of the two varieties of CM. A total of 18 growing barrows were housed in metabolism crates for the determination of digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy. Thereafter, pigs were transferred to the indirect calorimetry chamber to determine heat production (HP). The NE contents of diets containing Brassica napus yellow and Brassica juncea yellow determined with the direct determination technique and prediction equations were 9.8 versus 10.3 MJ/kg dry matter (DM) and 10.2 versus 10.4 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Retained energy (RE) and fasting heat production (FHP) of diets containing Brassica napus yellow and Brassica juncea yellow were 5.5 versus 5.7 MJ/kg and 4.3 versus 4.5 MJ/kg, respectively, when measured with the direct determination technique and prediction equations. The NE contents of Brassica napus yellow and Brassica juncea yellow were determined to be 8.8 and 9.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively, using the direct determination technique.     

Analysis of quantitative trait loci for some starch properties of rice (Oryza sativa L.): thermal properties, gel texture and swelling volume

To understand the genetic basis of gelatinization temperature (GT), gel textural traits and flour swelling volume, quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped for these traits using a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from a cross between indica variety Zai-Ye-Qing 8 (ZYQ8) and japonica variety Jing-Xi 17 (JX17). The results indicated that the starch property parameters were continuously distributed among the DH lines, and some DH lines showed transgressive segregation for all the parameters. A total of 16 QTLs were identified for seven traits. A major QTL, the alk gene on chromosome 6 was significant for the three GT traits, onset temperature (T_o), peak temperature (T_p), and completion temperature (T_c). This locus could explain 49.4, 38.9, and 28.3% of the total variance, respectively, indicating that GT parameters were substantially controlled by the alk gene which has previously been identified for alkali spreading value (ASV). The additive effects of alk on T_o,T_p and T_c were from ZYQ8. Another two QTLs on chromosomes 1 and 7 were also identified for the three GT parameters, whose positive effects were contributed from JX17. Another QTL on chromosome 10 with the positive effects coming from ZYQ8 was significant only for T_c. However, the enthalpy (ΔH) of gelatinization was controlled by two minor QTLs on chromosomes 1 and 7. A major QTL, the Wx gene on chromosome 6 was identified for gel hardness and flour swelling volume which explained 58.8 and 36.6% of the total variances, respectively. Another two QTLs were also detected for flour swelling volume, one of which (qSV-7) could explain 21.4% of the total variance. However, gel cohesiveness was controlled by a major QTL located between alk and Wx on chromosome 6.     

Effect of Environmental Temperature on Digestive Tract,Visceral Organ Size,Digestibility and Energy Metabolism in Rats Fed Different Levels of Pea Fibre

Abstract

A study was performed to investigate the effect of environmental temperature (18°C or 28°C) and increasing levels of pea fibre in the diet on digestive tract, visceral organ size, digestibility and energy metabolism in rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats, initial liveweight (LW) 77-79 g, were allocated to six groups and housed at either 18°C (three groups) or 28°C (three groups). Three wheat starch, fish meal and pea fibre-based diets were prepared to contain 100, 200 and 300 g pea fibre kg^?1 (68, 110 and 157 g dietary fibre kg^?1 DM) and 160 g protein (N × 6.25) kg^?1. One group of rats at each temperature was fed one of the diets for four balance periods. Gas-exchange measurements were made and urine and faeces were quantitatively collected. Food to gain ratio was higher (P <.05) at 18°C than at 28°C and increased (P <.05) as the level of fibre was increased. The weight of the visceral organs from rats housed at 18°C was higher (P<.05) than at 28°C. The empty weight of the small intestine, caecum and colon increased (P <.05) as the level of pea fibre was increased. The digestibility of DM, protein and dietary fibre (DF) was lower (P <.05) at 18°C than at 28°C. As the level of pea fibre was increased, the digestibilities of nutrients and energy decreased (P <.05). However, the digestibility of DF increased (P <.05) as the level of pea fibre was increased. The partial digested energy value for pea fibre was 11.9 kJ g^?1. The metabolizable energy (ME) intake and heat production at 18°C (1128 and 974 kJ (W^0.75 day)^?1 respectively) were higher (P<.05) than at 28°C (831 and 674 kJ (W^0.75 day)^?1 respectively). As the level of pea fibre was increased, ME intake (W^0.75 day)^?1 and heat production (W^0.75 day)^?1 decreased (P <.05). Heat production as a percentage of ME was higher (P <.05) at 18°C than at 28°C: 86.6% and 81.2%, respectively. Heat production as a percentage of ME was higher (P <.05) for rats fed the 100 g pea fibre kg^?1 diet than the 200 or 300 g pea fibre kg^?1 diet. In conclusion, environmental temperature as well as DF influenced digestive tract and visceral organ size, digestion and protein and energy metabolism.     

Potential use of exogenous lipases for DATEM replacement to modify the rheological and thermal properties of wheat flour dough

The effect of two lipases and DATEM at different concentrations on the rheological and thermal properties of white and whole wheat flour doughs was determined by farinograph, extensograph, texture analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry. Lipases provided similar or better results than that of DATEM on decreasing softening degree and stickiness, and increasing stability, maximum resistance to extension and hardness. Extensibility and energy did not change with lipases, but decreased with DATEM. Lipases and DATEM slightly modified the transition temperatures and enthalpies of ice-melting and starch gelatinization, but significantly increased the moisture and unfrozen water contents, and decreased the solid concentration in unfrozen water. The greatest effect of lipases was observed on decreasing the peak temperature and increasing the enthalpy of amylose–lipid complex dissociation. The changes in the rheological and thermal properties were almost independent of the concentration levels tested, and were mostly reduced when whole wheat flour was used. The improvement in the dough properties by lipases is possibly related to the in situ formation of surface active compounds from endogenous flour lipids. Presumably, these compounds are already located in the right positions in dough, where they might have higher interaction potentials than DATEM with the dough components.     

肉羊甲烷排放测定与模型估测

【目的】研究日粮不同营养物质含量和消化性能对肉羊瘤胃甲烷排放的影响,并建立甲烷排放估测模型。【方法】选取8头月龄相近、体重（50.37±1.13） kg的成年杂交绵羊公羊（杜泊（♂）×小尾寒羊（♀））,分别饲喂8种中性洗涤纤维（neutral detergent fiber,NDF）含量不同（分别为51.83%、50.47%、44.58%、42.34%、38.20%、35.43%、30.10%和27.03%）的全混合日粮,进行8×4不完全拉丁方试验。试验分为4期,每期16 d,于第9-16天采用Sable呼吸测热系统测定甲烷,用全收粪法进行消化试验。【结果】8种日粮每千克可消化有机物的甲烷排放量（L•kg-1 DOM）分别为48.80、46.98、45.38、41.34、35.44、34.66、33.73和37.83。甲烷与NDF回归模型：CH4E/DE（%）=0.14688DNDF/DOM（%）+5.47643（R2=0.9084,P=0.0003）。甲烷与酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）回归模型：CH4 （L•kg-1 DOM）=0.14411DADF（g）+23.69940（R2=0.8367,P=0.0015）。甲烷与营养物质摄入量：CH4（L•kg-1 DOM）=-0.22260OMI（g）+0.15234CPI（g）+0.06465NDFI（g）-0.60549EEI（g）+218.23715（R2=0.9786,P=0.0077）。甲烷与可消化营养物质：CH4（L•kg-1 DOM）=0.09722DCP（g）+0.12079DNDF（g）-0.08355DADF（g）-1.71035DEE（g）+47.85414（R2=0.9776,P=0.0083）。【结论】日粮的精粗比或粗饲料含量直接影响单位可消化有机物的甲烷排放量及甲烷能/总能、甲烷能/消化能之比。在直线回归中,与其它营养物质相比,NDF和ADF与肉羊甲烷排放相关性最强。与直线回归相比,多元回归提高了甲烷估测的相关性和准确性。     

脱水蓖麻油聚酰胺-环氧树脂体系的固化反应动力学研究

由脱水蓖麻油制得聚酰胺固化剂,并用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了该固化剂与环氧树脂体系(DCOPA-EP)的固化反应动力学.综合采用Kissinger、Crane和Malek等方法探讨DCOPA-EP固化体系的固化动力学模型参数.由Kissinger方法算得表观活化能( E a)55.94kJ/mol,频率因子( A )1.61×107s-1;并经过分析验证,Malek法所得自催化反应模型(反应级数 m ＝0.135, n ＝0.766)比Crane法的 n 级反应模型(反应级数 n =0.90)更适合DCOPA-EP固化体系.     

不同催化剂条件下毛竹材液化反应动力学研究

为了筛选出高效液化竹材催化剂,达到竹材温和条件下液化,该文利用等温差示热量扫描曲线方法,分析了不同催化剂（KCl和K2 CO3）对毛竹材液化剂苯酚液化反应的影响。在20～300℃温度范围内,运用Kissinger方程在不同的升温速率（5、10、15和20℃/min）下进行动力学研究。结果表明:竹材液化反应是吸热反应;随着升温速率的增加,特征液化温度向高温方向移动;不同催化剂（K2 CO3、KCl、无催化剂）条件下竹材液化反应表观活化能依次是45.95、59.99、58.00 kJ/mol,可见K2 CO3适合做竹材液化的催化剂。由外推法得出竹材液化反应最佳工艺为:催化剂为K2 CO3,初始液化温度为691℃,液化峰高温度为97.3℃,液化峰终温度为111.9℃。      

新疆奎屯排碱渠生物膜胞外聚合物与As(Ⅲ)的络合作用

新疆奎屯地区是地质背景高砷区,排碱渠水体砷（As）污染严重,排碱渠中普遍发育的生物膜胞外聚合物（EPS）与As之间的络合会影响砷的迁移扩散,进而影响到砷的生物毒性和生态风险。目前,排碱渠中普遍发育的生物膜EPS对水中As的迁移转化及行为归宿的影响还完全不清楚。本文结合荧光猝灭滴定技术和等温微量热滴定技术研究了该地区普遍发育的藻生物膜EPS与As（Ⅲ）之间的相互作用。荧光猝灭实验表明：排碱渠生物膜EPS有3个荧光峰：峰A属于含芳环基团的蛋白质Ⅱ;峰B属于溶解性的微生物类蛋白质;峰C属于类腐殖酸。峰A和峰B统称为类蛋白质物质,其中峰B被确定为类色氨酸物质。类蛋白物质与As（Ⅲ）具有较强的结合作用,而类腐殖酸物质与As（Ⅲ）几乎没有结合能力。EPS与As（Ⅲ）荧光淬灭作用属于静态淬灭和动态碰撞淬灭,同时存在的复合淬灭机制。EPS中含芳环基团的蛋白质Ⅱ和类色氨酸物质与As（Ⅲ）的结合常数lg Kb分别为3.82和2.22,说明As（Ⅲ）与前者的结合强度比后者大一个数量级,前者与As（Ⅲ）形成络合物的稳定性稍微大于后者。As（Ⅲ）可以与含芳环基团的蛋白质Ⅱ的多类位点结合,且在多类结合位点之间存在拮抗竞争作用,而类色氨酸物质中只有一类位点参与As的络合。等温微量热滴定实验结果经过Independent模型拟合,求得了EPS和As（Ⅲ）络合反应的热动力学参数：ΔH、ΔG、ΔS。负的焓变ΔH和负的吉布斯自由能ΔG证明EPS与As（Ⅲ）间的络合反应是一个自发进行的放热反应。随着络合反应进行,反应体系的无序度增加,反应为熵驱动。排碱渠生物膜EPS中的类蛋白质在As（Ⅲ）的迁移转化及其生态风险中起着重要作用,而EPS中的类腐殖酸物质不会对As（Ⅲ）的环境行为产生显著影响。     

Determination of the energy value of corn distillers dried grains with solubles containing different oil levels when fed to growing pigs

This experiment used indirect calorimetry to determine the net energy (NE) content of five corn distillers dried grains with solubles (corn DDGS) containing different oil levels and to compare the NE obtained using indirect calorimetry with that calculated using previously published prediction equations. There were two samples of high‐oil DDGS, one sample of medium‐oil DDGS and two samples of low‐oil DDGS. Twelve barrows (initial BW of 32.8 ± 2.0 kg) were used in a repeated 3 × 6 Youden square design with three periods and six diets. The diets were comprised of a corn–soybean meal basal diet and five diets containing 29.25% of one of the corn DDGS added at the expense of corn and soybean meal. During each period, the pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 16 days which included 7 days for adaption to feed and environmental conditions. On day 8, the pigs were transferred to respiration chambers and fed one of the six diets at 2300 kJ ME/kg BW^0.6/day. Faeces and urine were collected from day 9 to 13 and heat production (HP) was also measured. From day 14 to 15, the pigs were fed 893 kJ ME/kg BW^0.6/day to allow them to adapt from the fed to the fasted state. On the last day of each period (day 16), the pigs were fasted and fasting HP was measured. The digestible energy value was 16.0, 17.1 and 15.3 MJ/kg DM, the metabolizable energy value was 14.6, 15.5 and 13.7 MJ/kg DM and the NE value was 10.7, 11.0 and 9.4 MJ/kg DM, for the high‐oil, medium‐oil and low‐oil corn DDGS, respectively. The NE obtained with indirect calorimetry in the present study did not differ from values calculated using previously published prediction equations.