The effect of acid water on oxygen consumption,circulating catecholamines and blood ionic and acid-base status in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri,Richardson)

Chronically cannulated rainbow trout were exposed in acid water (pH 4.0) for 72h. The gill potential was strongly dependent on water pH, being blood side negative in neutral water, but positive in acid water. Catecholamine levels increased irregularly during acid exposure, and the Bohr and Root effects were not completely erased by the effect of catecholamines during acid exposure. Long term exposure to low water pH, although causing an acidosis in the fish, did not suppress resting oxygen consumption. Prolonged exposure to acid conditions, however, resulted in an increase in ammonia excretion. Changes in plasma sodium and chloride were similar to that reported previously for trout exposed to low calcium, acid water. We conclude that exposure of trout to pH 4 soft water, although impairing oxygen transport, does not limit resting oxygen consumption but does reduce the scope for activity. More extreme acid conditions do impair resting oxygen uptake.     

Intestinal phytase I: Detection and preliminary characterization of activity in the intestinal brush border membrane of hybrid striped bass Morone saxatilis × M. chrysops

While numerous studies have evaluated intestinal phytase activity in terrestrial monogastric species, little work has been conducted investigating the enzyme's activity in finfish. This experiment was conducted to determine if hybrid striped bass Morone saxatilis × M. chrysops possess intestinal phytase activity, and to perform a preliminary characterization of this activity in terms of pH, metal ion dependence and substrate kinetics. Hybrid bass do exhibit low levels of intestinal phytase activity. The activity has an acidic pH optimum between 3.5 and 4.5. Low concentrations of Mn²⁺ slightly enhance this activity. The divalent cations Mg²⁺ and Zn²⁺ were shown to either have no effect on the enzyme activity or to be inhibitory, particularly at high concentrations. The present results indicate that intestinal phytase activity in hybrid bass does follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with estimated K_m and V_max values of 2.5 mM phytate and 4.8 units mg⁻¹ protein, respectively. The physiologic significance of the enzyme's presence in hybrid striped bass is questionable due to the low activity as compared to terrestrial monogastrics, the acidic pH optimum and the low affinity the enzyme appears to have for phytate. These observations also raise the question of whether the intestinal phytase activity detected in hybrid bass is merely a manifestation of non-specific acid phosphatase activity. Further investigation is needed to determine the practical significance of phytase activity in hybrid bass in terms of phytate phosphorus utilization. Additional experiments should also be conducted which evaluate intestinal phytase activity in other important aquacultured finfish species. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

高能碳离子束辐射对玉米当代的生物学效应

为了研究高能碳离子诱变对玉米的影响,本研究利用高能碳离子处理昌7-2和PH6WC两个玉米自交系,分析当代植株的出苗率、株高、穗位高等表型,测定收获后的籽粒性状。结果表明,经高能碳离子辐射后,两个玉米自交系的出苗率显著降低,且在高剂量辐射下两个玉米自交系在2019年均有降低。植株表型分析结果发现,在2019年,昌7-2和PH6WC在40~100 Gy辐射下株高显著下降;在2020年,PH6WC在150 Gy辐射下穗位高显著下降;在2019年,昌7-2在60~100 Gy辐射下穗位高显著下降;在2019年,昌7-2在80~100 Gy辐射下叶夹角增大;在2019年,昌7-2在40、100 Gy辐射下叶长显著降低,PH6WC在100 Gy辐射下叶长和叶宽显著下降;在2019年,昌7-2在80 Gy辐射下叶宽显著增加,在20 Gy辐射下雄穗分枝显著增加,而100 Gy辐射下雄穗分枝显著降低。在籽粒性状中,高剂量(60~100 Gy)辐射下的粒厚显著增加,粒长降低但百粒重有所增加,昌7-2比PH6WC更为明显。由上述结果可知,不同玉米种质的不同性状对高能碳离子的诱变处理效应存在差异,40~60 Gy是昌7-2较为适宜的诱变剂量,而PH6WC较为适宜的剂量为60~80 Gy。本研究结果可为玉米种子的高能碳离子诱变剂量筛选提供一定的理论依据。     

机插密度对盐碱地超级稻产量及钠钾离子吸收的影响

为筛选出江苏滨海盐碱地超级稻品种‘湘两优900’的适宜机插密度,研究了不同机插密度（高密度,T₁：25.0×10⁴穴/hm²;中密度,T₂：19.9×10⁴穴/hm²;低密度,T₃：16.6×10⁴穴/hm²）对水稻各指标的影响,并动态监测了土壤及田间水盐分的变化。结果表明：水稻种植能够显著降低土壤可溶性总盐含量,降幅可达28.68%;随机插密度变小,水稻单穴的分蘖数、干物质重能够显著提高,而群体的分蘖数和干物质重会相应的显著降低;水稻SPAD值在生殖生长期时,随密度下降呈增加的趋势,而叶面积指数在所有生育期均呈降低的趋势;机插密度下降能够显著增加单穴钠钾离子积累量和显著降低群体的钠钾离子积累。相关分析表明,不同机插密度水稻实际产量与单株钠离子积累量呈显著负相关,与群体有效穗数、群体干物质积累量呈显著正相关,与每穗总粒数、群体钾离子积累量呈极显著正相关。本试验条件下,江苏滨海盐碱地‘湘两优900’的适宜机插密度为25.0×10⁴穴/hm²。     

粉垄“4453”增产提质效应及其利民利国发展潜能

袁隆平院士接受媒体记者提出:"粉垄技术可在全国推广"。该文介绍了粉垄重构农田耕作层具"4453"效应,即:"四增"—增加耕层松土量、土壤原生养分利用量,增大"土壤水库"、"土壤氧气库";"四减"—减少水土流失、碳排放量,减低耕层土壤含盐量、重金属含量;"五抗"—增强作物抗干旱、高温、低温、病害、倒伏等能力;"三提高"—促进作物光合效率提高10%以上,产量提高10%~30%以上,品质提高5%以上;人力、畜力、拖拉机耕作依次具增产10%规律,粉垄耕作则还具函拖拉机耕作加上再翻倍深松耕层叠加效应可达20甚至更高增产;指出如全国推广10亿亩,可增贮天然降水400亿立方,盘活土壤原生养分后可减少化肥施用量70多亿千克,新增粮食可多养活3亿多人,产生总体效应还可以助力提升国民身体健康水平和社会稳定、国家安全。     

预处理对香蕉片质构特性的影响

[目的]优选能够有效改善香蕉果肉质构性质的预处理方法.[方法]选用香蕉为原料,探讨了热烫处理、外源钙离子、果胶甲酯酶及复合处理对鲜切香蕉片质构特性的影响.[结果]试验表明,果胶甲酯酶复合热处理对香蕉片硬化效果较理想,在添加0.005％果胶甲酯酶（以浸泡液质量计）时,香蕉片硬化效果最优.相较于其他处理方式,香蕉片硬度、弹性和咀嚼性得到了明显的改善.[结论]该试验可为香蕉深加工工艺的研究提供理论基础.     

煤烟脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤离子变化研究

为了探究碱化土壤的改良,采用田间试验方法,研究脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤盐分组成变化情况。结果表明:改良前后土壤的pH明显下降,碱化度下降幅度也比较大。Na+、CO2-3和HCO-3明显下降,Ca2+、Mg2+和SO2-4明显上升,Cl-变化不大;土壤中的Na+被Ca2+代换,CO2-3、HCO-3被SO2-4代换,大大降低了土壤的碱化度,改良后的土地种植玉米,虽然单产相对正常的还较低,但其生态价值远远高于未经改良的土地。     

Volume regulation in glutathione-treated brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) erythrocytes

Brook trout erythrocytes that were washed with and suspended in Ringer's solution with reduced glutathione (1.0 mM) maintained steady state cell volume for up to 24h, while those without the thiol-protective agent steadily shrank. Changes in cell volume (measured as packed cell volume, PCV) were evoked by acidic media (Ringer's at pH 6.8), hypoosmotic solutions (or both) and intracellular K⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations were monitored over 4h. Acid-swollen cells failed to volume regulate or release K⁺ but had significantly elevated intracellular Cl⁻ Osmotically-swollen cells at pH 7.8 but not at pH 6.8 underwent regulatory volume decrease (RVD) and returned to initial levels in 2h, accompanied by release of K⁺ and Cl⁻ In contrast, osmotically-shrunken cells did not show regulatory volume increase. The regulatory volume decrease and concomitant K⁺ release were dependent on Cl⁻ implying a direct or indirect coupling of K⁺ to Cl⁻ transport in volume regulation. RVD was partially blocked by 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS, 0.1 mM), an anion exchange blocker, but was unaffected by amiloride (1.0 mM) which blocks Na⁺/H⁺ exchange. Amiloride and DIDS prevented the swelling response to low pH but had no effect on control cells, suggesting involvement of Na⁺/H⁺ and Cl⁻/HCO₃ ⁻ exchanges in acid-induced cell swelling. Quinine (1.0 mM) a known blocker of K⁺ channels, exacerbated the osmotically-induced swelling but had little effect on the subsequent RVD and release of KCl. The results suggest that low extracellular pH inhibits neutral C⁻-dependent K⁺ release and the resultant regulatory volume decrease in osmotically-swollen cells.     

盐胁迫下胡杨和毛白杨叶细胞中的离子区隔化

该文以抗盐的胡杨和盐敏感的毛白杨组培再生苗为实验材料,利用X--射线微区分析技术研究盐胁迫下(为期20d的盐处理)叶片各种类型细胞内主要元素Na+、Cl-、K+的分布情况,测定的细胞类型包括:①叶脉细胞(叶脉维管束导管、叶脉维管束内部和外部的薄壁细胞);②叶肉细胞(栅栏组织、海绵组织);③表皮细胞(上、下表皮细胞).结果表明,胡杨和毛白杨叶细胞对盐离子的区隔化有明显差异:与毛白杨相比,盐处理后的胡杨叶细胞不但具有较高的拒Na+能力,即将Na+贮存在质外体中,而且液泡区隔Na+的能力也强于毛白杨.在Cl-的区隔化方面,对照处理胡杨各种类型的细胞(包括叶脉、叶肉和表皮细胞)Cl-浓度都高于毛白杨,但在盐胁迫下,胡杨叶片的细胞壁、液泡甚至叶绿体中Cl-的含量都低于毛白杨,这是胡杨根细胞限制Cl-离子根冠运输的结果.盐处理使胡杨叶片各种类型细胞中的K+浓度降低;与胡杨不同,毛白杨叶片细胞中质外体的K+浓度下降,而液泡中的K+水平却相应提高,这是毛白杨细胞内K+重新分配的结果:由于盐处理后毛白杨液泡内积累了过多的Cl-,K+从细胞壁进入液泡,用以平衡液泡内Cl-积累所带来的负电荷.     

大叶榉人工栽培技术研究

榉树是国家二级保护树种，人工大面积栽培在国内尚未见报道。实践证明，榉树人工造林后生长良好。１年生苗高平均可在１ｍ以上，最高达１。７５ｍ，１０年生树，年平均高生长０．７８ｍ，胸径０．７２ｃｍ，优于同等条件下的马尾松，次于杉树，是优良的速生硬阔叶树种。人工林５０年可达工艺成熟，每亩年平均利润约７０００元，宜种子繁殖。