Effects of Calcium Lactate on the Development of Chicken Embryos in a Shell-less Culture System up to Day Seventeen of Incubation

This study examined the effects of calcium lactate on the development of chicken embryos in a shell-less culture system (cSLCS) up to the seventeenth day of incubation. In the presence of calcium lactate, a significant reduction in embryo viability was observed during the first week of incubation in cSLCS. On day 17 of embryo development, no significant difference was observed in the blood plasma calcium concentration or tibia bone density between cSLCS and intact control embryos, whereas the tibia length was significantly shorter in cSLCS embryos than in the intact control. These results suggest that calcium lactate supplementation in cSLCS supports bone formation in developing chicken embryos, but has adverse effects on the viability of embryos, particularly during the first week of embryo development.     

氯化钙处理对菠萝黑腐病的防控效果及机制分析

为了降低采后菠萝果实由黑腐病引起的腐烂损失,本文研究了氯化钙处理对黑腐病的防控效果及相关机制。结果表明,1%氯化钙处理对菠萝黑腐病有最好的抑制作用和防治效果。1%氯化钙处理对病菌菌丝生长影响不大,但可明显抑制病原菌的产孢;氯化钙处理明显降低发病果实中多聚半乳糖醛酸甲酯酶（PMG）、纤维素酶（CX）和β-葡萄糖苷酶（CB）的活性,但对多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）活性变化没有明显影响;氯化钙处理明显提高贮藏中后期菠萝果实中过氧化氢（H₂O₂）的含量,明显提高抗病相关酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、几丁质酶（CHI）和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶（GLU）的活性。说明氯化钙处理对黑腐病有较好的防控效果,一方面是由于其降低了病原菌的致病性,另一方面是诱导菠萝果实提高了抗病性。因此,适宜浓度的氯化钙处理为菠萝采后黑腐病的绿色防控提供了一条新的途径。     

表达牛呼吸道合胞体病毒G蛋白基因的重组Ⅰ型牛疱疹病毒的构建与鉴定

为构建表达牛呼吸道合胞体病毒(BRSV)G蛋白基因的牛疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(BHV-1)重组病毒,本研究将人工合成的BRSV全长G蛋白基因编码序列插入到巨细胞病毒(CMV)启动子之下构建TK基因缺失转移载体。利用磷酸钙-DNA沉淀法将该转移载体与亲本病毒BHV-1/TK-/LacZ+的基因组DNA共转染牛鼻甲细胞后收获增殖的病毒。通过反向蚀斑筛选,得到重组病毒BHV-1/TK-/G+。PCR检测结果证实G蛋白基因已经插入到了亲本病毒BHV-1/TK-/LacZ+的基因组中,间接免疫荧光试验和western blot证实BHV-1/TK-/G+中的G蛋白基因在感染的细胞中获得了表达。本研究为研制BRSV及其他重要牛传染病的BHV-1病毒活载体疫苗奠定了基础。     

线粒体损伤、钙超载与肉鸡腹水综合征的关系

作者综述了线粒体损伤、钙超载与肉鸡腹水综合征的关系,钙超载可能是肉鸡腹水综合征发生和发展中,心、肺及其血管损伤和功能紊乱的机制,而线粒体损伤可以导致细胞内钙超载,同时钙超载后加重了线粒体的损伤。作者还指出了日粮钙与肉鸡腹水综合征的发生可能有关。     

奶牛日粮中添加油菜籽、菜油及脂肪酸钙对奶牛产奶量及奶品质的影响

试验选用泌乳3~5个月，2~5胎次，体重相近，健康无病，产奶量相近（P>0.05）的奶牛36头，随机分为4组，其中：对照组喂给基础日粮，试验1、2和3组分别在基础日粮中添加油菜籽（350 g/d·头）、菜油（150 g/d·头）和脂肪酸钙（200 g/d·头）。通过30 d对比饲养试验。结果表明：试验1、2、3组的奶牛日均产奶量分别比对照组相对提高0.88（P<0.05）、0.31(P>0.05)、0.70 kg/d·头(P<0.05)。各组间奶牛干物质采食量及饲料干物质利用率均无显著差异（P>0.05）；试验1、2、3组牛奶中乳蛋白和非脂乳固体有增加的趋势，但不明显（P>0.05）；试验1、2、3组与对照组的乳脂率无明显变化(P>0.05)。与对照组相比试验1组每头奶牛每天可增加纯收入1.08元，试验2组亏损0.06元，试验3组亏损0.14元；从而认为在日粮中添加油菜籽、菜油、脂肪酸钙可以提高奶牛产奶量，其中以添加油菜籽的经济效益最好。     

Cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine,with or without MK-467, following intravenous administration in cats

Objective

To characterize the cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine, with or without MK-467, following intravenous (IV) administration in cats.

饲喂不同钙、磷水平饲粮对妊娠后期伊犁马营养物质消化代谢和血浆生理生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲喂不同钙、磷水平饲粮对伊犁马妊娠后期营养物质消化代谢和血浆生理生化指标的影响,为明确伊犁马在妊娠后期对钙、磷的适宜需要量提供参考。试验选取年龄、胎次、体重相近且无亲缘关系、处于妊娠后期的伊犁母马25匹,按照体重随机分为5组,每组5匹。饲粮钙和磷饲喂量分别为36.00和26.30 g/d(饲粮Ⅰ组)、39.00和28.30 g/d(饲粮Ⅱ组)、42.00和30.30 g/d(饲粮Ⅲ组)、45.00和32.30 g/d(饲粮Ⅳ组)以及48.00和34.30 g/d(饲粮Ⅴ组)。饲养试验为期30 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期20 d。试验期间采集各组饲粮、剩料、粪便和尿液样本用于测定常规营养成分含量,试验结束后采集空腹血样以测定血浆生理生化指标。结果表明:饲粮钙、磷水平对各营养物质的表观消化率均无显著影响(P0.05),对总能、氮、钙、磷的保留率及可消化能、可消化氮、可消化磷的利用率均无显著影响(P0.05),对血浆中离子钙、甲状旁腺素、骨钙素、胎盘催乳素、垂体泌乳素、孕酮、甲状腺素、三碘甲状腺氨酸和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ水平亦无显著影响(P0.05)。此外,饲粮钙、磷水平对血浆中肌酐、尿素氮、甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸的水平也无显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮Ⅰ、饲粮Ⅱ和饲粮Ⅲ组可消化钙利用率显著高于饲粮Ⅴ组(P0.05),当饲粮钙、磷水平分别超过42.00和30.30 g/d时,可消化钙的利用率逐渐下降。饲粮Ⅱ和饲粮Ⅴ组母马血浆中磷水平显著高于饲粮Ⅳ组(P0.05)。除饲粮Ⅴ组外,随着饲粮钙、磷水平的增加,血浆中降钙素水平有升高的趋势(P0.10)。饲粮Ⅱ和饲粮Ⅳ组血浆中雌二醇水平显著低于饲粮Ⅰ组(P0.05),饲粮Ⅲ组则显著低于饲粮Ⅰ和饲粮Ⅴ组(P0.05)。血浆中雌酮水平的变化规律与雌二醇一致。此外,提高饲粮钙、磷水平可增加血浆中生长激素的水平,除饲粮Ⅲ组外,其他各组血浆中生长激素水平均显著高于饲粮Ⅰ组(P0.05)。由此可见,当饲粮钙水平在36.00~48.00 g/d、磷水平在26.30~34.30 g/d之间时,增加饲粮钙、磷水平不影响妊娠后期伊犁马营养物质的消化代谢,但血浆中雌二醇和雌酮水平降低,而生长激素水平增加。     

Effects of increasing days of exposure to prepartum diets on the concentration of certain blood metabolites in dairy cows

Objective To evaluate the effect of the number of days exposure to a prepartum transition diet on mineral, energy and protein metabolism in dairy cows. Design A prospective cohort study. Procedures The prepartum transition diet consisted of ryegrass pasture, cereal hay, grain, grain by-product, protein meals, BioChlor®, rumen modifiers, minerals and vitamins and contained 13.9% crude protein, 10.0 MJ metabolisable energy/kg and a dietary cation anion difference of −35 meq/kg dry matter. Forty cows were bled bi-weekly from their introduction to the prepartum transition diet until day 35 of lactation. Blood samples were submitted for estimation of a range of metabolites. Cubic smoothed splines were fitted to scatterplots of metabolite concentration as a function of day relative to calving and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. Linear regression modelling determined the effect of days exposed, age, body condition score (BSC) and calving day on AUC. Results The prepartum AUC of blood phosphorus and beta-hydroxybutyrate increased and the AUC of blood calcium and cholesterol decreased with increasing days exposed to the diet. The postpartum AUC of beta-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids decreased with increasing days exposed but increased with days exposed × age and days exposed × BCS, respectively. The AUC of other metabolites did not vary significantly with number of days exposed. Conclusions Increasing exposure to the prepartum diet significantly altered the AUC of blood metabolites associated with mineral, energy and protein metabolism in ways consistent with improvements in production and reproduction previously reported and the result suggests links between energy, protein and skeletal metabolism.     

Canine Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Part II: Pathophysiology and therapy

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs is characterized by ventricular and atrial enlargement, and systolic and diastolic dysfunction, with congestive heart failure (CHF) often developing at some stage. With greater understanding of the impact of neuroendocrine stimulation in heart disease, the understanding of the pathophysiology for CHF has changed considerably. It is no longer considered only to be a simple haemodynamic consequence of pump dysfunction, but is now characterized as a complex clinical syndrome with release of many neurohormones, which are believed to have impact on the progression of disease. This change in our understanding of the pathophysiology of CHF has important therapeutic implications. There are strong indications, although not yet proven, that drugs designed to influence the neuroendocrine activity, such as Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta-receptors antagonists, are efficacious as adjunct therapy of heart failure attributable to DCM in dogs. The benefits of drugs designed to influence the myocardial contractile state (positive inotropes) have not been fully evaluated. However, evidence has emerged in recent years indicating that new types of positive inotropes may be beneficial in dogs with DCM. This review focuses on the neuroendocrine aspects of DCM and their possible therapeutic implications and the place for long-term inotropic support in dogs with DCM.