Germplasm resources of Vitellaria paradoxa based on variations in fat composition across the species distribution range

The karité (Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertner) is an economically important African tree with significant but little studied variation across its broad distribution range. Differences in economically important fat characteristics were determined for 42 karité populations in 11 countries. The results showed very high variability in all measured parameters both within and between populations. Kernel fat content range is generally 20–50%. Fatty acid composition is dominated by stearic (25–50%) and oleic (37–62%) acids. The variable relative proportions of these two fatty acids produces major differences in karité butter consistency across the species distribution range. The principal triglycerides are stearic-oleic-stearic (13–46%) and stearic-oleic-oleic (16–31%). Ugandan karité fat is liquid and requires fractionation to obtain a butter. West African karité butter is more variable, with soft and hard consistencies produced within the same local populations. The hardest butters are produced on the Mossi Plateau in Burkina Faso and northern Ghana. The implications of distinctive population characteristics as germplasm resources for the chocolate and cosmetic industries are discussed.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Leafing, flowering and fruiting of Vitellaria paradoxa subsp. nilotica in savanna parklands in Uganda

Vitellaria paradoxa leafing, flowering and fruiting patterns were monitored in Otuke county (Lira district), northern Uganda, over a period of 25 months. The monitoring revealed that leaf shedding takes place in the middle of the dry season and the trees are in full leaf by the onset of the wet season. New leaves continue to appear on the new shoots while old leaves persist during the leaf-fall period. The pattern of leafing and leaf loss, flowering and fruiting are unimodal with major peaks in flowering and fruiting, although in the study area rainfall is bimodal. Flowering was concentrated in months when the atmospheric relative humidity begins to rise from an initially low value (around November), peaks three months later and usually ends when rainy conditions persist. Flowers produced during the rainy season usually abort. Fruiting starts at the end of the dry season (December/January) and peaks from February to April. Seed matures during the rainy season (March to May) and fruit harvesting occurs mainly from May to August, when the soil is well supplied with plant available water but coinciding with high pre-growing season famine risk in the community.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

花生糖的生产工艺

花生具有独特的风味和营养价值。用花生制成的糖果,将受到广大消费者的喜爱。介绍了花生糖的生产工艺。     

Flavor evaluation of yak butter in Tsinghai‐Tibet Plateau and isolation of microorganisms contributing flavor

Yak butter in Tsinghai‐Tibet Plateau possesses the characters of high energy, abundant alimentation and a special flavor with certain medical and health care functions. In this paper the organoleptic flavor of yak butter was estimated, and 28 kinds of substance with different flavors were identified with the technique of coupling gas chromatography to mass spectroscopy (GC‐MS). The results showed that there are many microorganisms in yak butter with natural inoculation, which contribute to the formation of its special flavors. It was found that three of these 15 microorganisms, identified as Saccharomycetaceae, Penicillium and Asperillus separately, contributed the most to flavors. The microorganisms are expected to be applied in the food industry, especially to produce dairy food with the unique flavor of yak butter.     

牦牛酥油与普通奶油中脂肪酸组成与含量的比较

采用气相色谱法对牦牛酥油和普通奶油进行测试,分析其脂肪酸含量和组成,尤其是共轭亚油酸(CLA).结果表明:酥油中硬脂酸含量(83.23 g/kg)高于普通奶油(57.15 g/kg),棕榈酸含量(155.73 g/kg)比普通奶油(178.26g/kg)低;酥油中反式油酸(C18:1,t11)的含量是普通奶油的近8倍,酥油中总CLA含量是普通奶油的2倍多,尤其是C18:2,c9t11CLA异构体,在普通奶油中含量为3.38 g/kg,在酥油中为9.86 g/kg,是普通奶油的近3倍.相对于普通牛乳来说,牦牛乳具有更高的营养价值.     

大豆油和黄油对羔羊生长性能、养分消化率及屠宰品质的影响

文章旨在研究不同脂肪原料(大豆油和黄油)对羔羊生长性能、养分消化率及屠宰品质的影响。试验选择均重(18.5±1.70)kg的公羊24只,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复2只羊,对照组饲喂以大麦为主的基础日粮(不加脂肪),黄油组和大豆油组分别在大麦型日粮中添加3.2%的黄油、大豆油,试验开展9周。黄油和大豆油组较对照组显著提高了酸性洗涤纤维摄入量(P <0.05),同时粗脂肪摄入量也显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。与对照组相比,大豆油和黄油组显著提高了羔羊日增重和末重(P <0.05)。日粮添加脂肪较对照组显著提高了羔羊总增重(P <0.05)。大豆油和黄油组较对照组显著提高了粗脂肪表观消化率(P <0.05)。日粮添加脂肪显著提高了N的摄入量(P <0.05)。黄油组较对照组显著提高了热屠体和冷屠体重(P <0.05),大豆油和黄油组较对照组显著提高了肝脏和肾脏脂肪重量(P <0.05)。黄油组较大豆油组显著提高了最长肌重量(P <0.05),对照组和黄油组较大豆油组显著提高了腰肌系水力(P <0.05)。结论 :大麦型日粮中添加3.2%大豆油和黄油可以提高羔羊日增重、末重和屠体重,对养分消化率和胴体品质有一定改善。     

鲜核桃酱生产工艺及质量优化研究

以鲜核桃为原料,通过一系列加工工序,制成鲜核桃酱。比较不同工艺条件对鲜核桃酱产品品质的影响,进行质量优化研究,确定了鲜核桃酱加工关键技术工艺参数为:鲜核桃仁脱膜处理:脱壳后的核桃仁在温度为95℃,质量分数为1.0%的氢氧化钠溶液中浸泡10min;复合乳化剂添加比例为:1.2%单甘脂+0.8%蔗糖酯;复合增稠剂的添加比例为:0.3%黄原胶+0.3%CMC。以干、鲜核桃为原料生产核桃酱,在工艺上有很大不同,鲜核桃可以生产出感官品质和营养品质俱佳的核桃酱新产品,开辟了核桃资源利用的新途径。     

高能振动球磨对核桃酱流变学特性的影响

利用高能振动球磨技术制备核桃酱,研究不同球磨处理时间对核桃酱的粒径、质构、流变性能及微观结构的影响.结果表明,以核桃仁为原料,球磨处理不同时间(2、4、8、16、24 min),可以得到不同粒径与质地的核桃酱.球磨处理能有效降低核桃酱的粒径,球磨处理24 min后核桃酱平均粒径由79.89μm下降到37.88μm,整体...     

新型抹茶牛轧糖的制备工艺研究

为提高传统牛轧糖的营养特性,同时降低牛轧糖的热量值。以抹茶粉为主要原料,以木糖醇代替传统白砂糖,以脱脂乳粉、花生仁、黄油等为辅料,制备一种营养健康的新型抹茶牛轧糖。通过单因素试验和正交试验,以感官评价为指标,确定牛轧糖的最佳制备工艺条件为木糖醇与麦芽糖浆质量比1∶5,抹茶粉添加量20%,蛋清添加量10%,黄油添加量4%。该工艺条件下制备的牛轧糖咀嚼性好、色泽光亮、抹茶风味明显、低脂且营养健康。     

Agroforestry potential of Dacryodes edulis in the oil palm-cassava belt of southeastern Nigeria

Between June 1993 and June 1994, 112 farmers in the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis)-cassava (Manihot esclentus) belt of southeastern Nigeria were interviewed to determine the status and agroforestry potential of Dacryodes edulis. Between 50% and 100% of respondents in different states within the belt owned D. edulis trees. On average, a farmer owned 9.3 trees, the largest number being 16, by farmers in Imo State. Twenty percent of farmers in the system rated D. edulis their best farm tree. It was present in all the farm niches: homegardens (51.4%), tree crop plots (20.7%) food crop plots (11.4%), secondary forest/fallow (14.2%) and virgin forest (2.5%). The tree is planted primarily for home consumption and sale to generate cash. At the current densities, on-farm D. edulis trees generally did not decrease yield of companion crops or trees. Except for ring weeding around the stem, D. edulis trees received little or no management attention. More than 50% of the trees produced 33 to 50 kg of fruit tree⁻¹ annually. This is valued at US $0.4 to 0.8 kg⁻¹. Farmers were willing to plant more D. edulis trees provided trees with traits such as less height for easy harvesting of fruits, larger fruit, more fruits, sweeter fruits and year round production of fruits were available. Possible agroforestry technologies into which D. edulis may fit include live fences, scattered trees in food crop fields, shade trees in tree crop plots and contour bund or hedgerow planting. Research is required to determine best tree accessions, canopy management strategies, optimum tree population and improved methods on post- harvest handling of fruits. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.