Antibacterial activity of plant extracts obtained with alternative organics solvents against food-borne pathogen bacteria

The objectives of this study were: the chemical characterization of extracts from seven plants (Larrea tridentata, Flourensia cernua, Lippia graveolens, Agave lechuguilla, Yucca filifera, Opuntia ficus-indica, and Carya illinoensis) which are acclimated to the Mexican semi-desert. The extracts were obtained using Soxhlet method by water, ethanol and an infusion method using alternative organic solvents (lanolin and cocoa butter), in addition it was evaluated the antibacterial activity of semi-desert plant extracts against Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. Chemical characterization of plant extracts showed that they are rich in secondary metabolites; cocoa butter was the non-conventional solvent which it was possible to obtain the highest content of total tannins. It was not possible to identify saponins in those extracts where non conventional solvents were used. While in extract where non conventional solvents were used, it was only possible to detect the presence of terpenes in creosote bush and prickly pear extracts. S. aureus was the bacterial strain that showed the highest growth inhibition as consequence of the plant extracts. The use of semi-desert plant extracts obtained using organic solvents are a good alternative for food-borne pathogen bacteria control because all the bacterial growth decreased with the tested extracts.     

湿法玉米粉和黄油对肉牛消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响

文章旨在研究蒸汽压片玉米日粮中添加湿法玉米粉和黄油对肉牛干物质摄入量、消化及瘤胃发酵特性的影响。试验选择24头平均体重为(435±15)kg的肉牛,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复2头牛。试验共设计3种日粮,处理1组为蒸汽压片玉米型,处理2组为蒸汽压片型玉米日粮+25%湿法玉米粉,处理3组为蒸汽压片型玉米日粮+25%湿法玉米粉+3%黄油,试验进行21d。结果:处理3组较处理1组和处理2组显著提高了肉牛每千克体重干物质摄入量(P<0.05)。处理3组肉牛每千克体重有机物摄入量最高(P<0.05)。处理3组和处理1组较处理2组显著提高了中性洗涤纤维表观消化率(P<0.05)。与处理1组和处理2组相比,处理3组显著提高了瘤胃液稀释率和颗粒流动率(P<0.05),而周转时间显著低于处理3组(P<0.05)。处理2组较处理1组和处理3组显著提高了瘤胃pH(P<0.05)。处理1组和处理3组较处理2组显著提高了瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量以及异丁酸含量(P<0.05)。处理3组瘤胃丙酸含量最高(P<0.05),而乙酸与丁酸的比例最低(P<0.05)。综上所述,日粮添加黄油和湿法玉米粉可以提高肉牛的干物质摄入量,提高瘤胃液和颗粒饲料的流动速率及养分的表观消化率,同时提高瘤胃丙酸含量。     

乌桕皮油改性制取类可可脂

以乌桕皮油与极度氢化油为原料 ,将不完全随机酯交换与分提技术相结合对皮油进行改性制取类可可脂 (CBE) .通过正交试验得出了最佳工艺条件 :原料质量比为 1∶ 0 .3,催化剂甲醇钠含量为 4 g· kg-1,酯交换温度为 60℃ ,酯交换时间为 3min.采用单步结晶分提 ,产品的产率为 68.7%     

年产3000吨红皮发芽花生酱的工厂设计

厂址选在山东省鲁西北地区的济南市济阳县。生产设计线设计产品为红皮发芽花生酱,该生产线的单位产量为1.39 t/h。设计为“红皮发芽花生酱”建立工艺流程并进行了工艺论证。红皮发芽花生酱生产线的设计部分涉及厂址选择、物料衡算、设备选型、生产线定员、生产线水电气估算、技术经济分析;绘制了全厂平面布置图、主产品生产线工艺流程图、车间平面图。红皮发芽花生酱生产车间为单层结构,共20间,车间占地面积为1800 m2。车间的设计耗水量为28.6 t/h,耗气量为2.2 t/h,耗电量为95.7 kW。全厂占地15000 m2,建筑面积为4500 m2,土地建筑系数为30%。     

西藏自治区酥油、糌粑、青稞酒、风干牛肉质量安全调研

通过调研及对样品的检测分析,介绍西藏自治区糌粑、酥油、青稞酒、风干牛肉的传统工艺质量安全现状,分析了影响这4种农产品质量安全的途径与因素,并提出了西藏农产品质量安全应对措施,以为保障西藏自治区农产品质量安全提供参考。     

小麦胚芽花生酱的研制(英文)

采用正交试验分析方法研究了小麦胚芽花生酱的生产工艺,并对小麦胚芽及花生进行了烘烤试验,同时研究了产品的配方及稳定性,得到色泽黄褐、香味浓郁并具有营养和保健功能的新型小麦胚芽花生酱,其最优配方为：小麦胚芽与花生原酱的比例为１：９,食盐浓度为１．５％,蔗糖浓度为４％,单甘油脂为１．５％～２％。添加适当的单甘油脂、磷脂、甘油和控制研磨方式,控制酱体出口温度（７０℃左右及酱体装瓶前的温度（３５ ℃）,就可以制成均匀稳定的小麦胚芽花生酱。     

牦牛乳酥油源白地霉S122产脂肪酶培养基的优化

采用Plackett-Burman和中心组合设计相结合的方法,对分离自牦牛乳酥油的菌株白地霉S122产脂肪酶培养基进行了优化.结果表明,蔗糖、硫酸镁和硫酸锰对发酵产酶影响显著(P<0.05);最适的发酵培养基为:蔗糖35.54g/L,蛋白胨30.00g/L,尿素5.00g/L,硫酸镁1.01g/L,硫酸锌0.50g/L,硫酸亚铁0.50g/L,硫酸锰1.02g/L,氯化钙1.00g/L,磷酸氢二钾5.00g/L;利用优化培养基,白地霉S122产脂肪酶酶活达49.5U/mL,比优化前提高了26.92%.     

The study of shea butter. VI: The extraction of shea butter

Shea butter has been extracted from the seeds of the shea tree,B. parkii, with various organic solvents. Petroleum ether (40°–60°C),n-hexane, chloroform, and benzene extracted 32%–38% of fat and 8–9 mg% of vitamin E. These solvents, particularly petroleum ether andn-hexane, can be used for the production of shea butter that is free from any oxidized fat and coloring impurities.     

Germplasm resources of Vitellaria paradoxa based on variations in fat composition across the species distribution range

The karité (Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertner) is an economically important African tree with significant but little studied variation across its broad distribution range. Differences in economically important fat characteristics were determined for 42 karité populations in 11 countries. The results showed very high variability in all measured parameters both within and between populations. Kernel fat content range is generally 20–50%. Fatty acid composition is dominated by stearic (25–50%) and oleic (37–62%) acids. The variable relative proportions of these two fatty acids produces major differences in karité butter consistency across the species distribution range. The principal triglycerides are stearic-oleic-stearic (13–46%) and stearic-oleic-oleic (16–31%). Ugandan karité fat is liquid and requires fractionation to obtain a butter. West African karité butter is more variable, with soft and hard consistencies produced within the same local populations. The hardest butters are produced on the Mossi Plateau in Burkina Faso and northern Ghana. The implications of distinctive population characteristics as germplasm resources for the chocolate and cosmetic industries are discussed.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Leafing, flowering and fruiting of Vitellaria paradoxa subsp. nilotica in savanna parklands in Uganda

Vitellaria paradoxa leafing, flowering and fruiting patterns were monitored in Otuke county (Lira district), northern Uganda, over a period of 25 months. The monitoring revealed that leaf shedding takes place in the middle of the dry season and the trees are in full leaf by the onset of the wet season. New leaves continue to appear on the new shoots while old leaves persist during the leaf-fall period. The pattern of leafing and leaf loss, flowering and fruiting are unimodal with major peaks in flowering and fruiting, although in the study area rainfall is bimodal. Flowering was concentrated in months when the atmospheric relative humidity begins to rise from an initially low value (around November), peaks three months later and usually ends when rainy conditions persist. Flowers produced during the rainy season usually abort. Fruiting starts at the end of the dry season (December/January) and peaks from February to April. Seed matures during the rainy season (March to May) and fruit harvesting occurs mainly from May to August, when the soil is well supplied with plant available water but coinciding with high pre-growing season famine risk in the community.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.