黄瓜霜霉病抗性相关基因的初步研究

 以黄瓜高抗霜霉病自交系为材料,构建了两个抑制差减文库,经反向Northern杂交筛选、测序和序列比对,筛选到3个未知功能抗病相关基因。荧光实时定量RT-PCR分析结果表明,未知功能抗病相关基因2I15（GD254229）、3C19（GD254243）和1O08（GD254207）在抗病自交系接种霜霉病病原菌后,可早期高丰度特异上调表达,而在感病自交系中特异上调表达丰度较低或被特异抑制表达。水杨酸（SA）可诱导1O08特异上调表达,抑制2I15和3C19的表达;茉莉酸（JA）处理可诱导1O08特异上调表达,而抑制2I15的表达。ABA处理可显著诱导3C19和1O08特异上调表达,而抑制2I15的表达。机械伤害、高盐、冷害和热激等其它非生物胁迫可显著抑制或诱导这些基因的表达,因此推测,所筛选到的功能未知基因可能具有参与生物和非生物胁迫反应的作用     

Suppression subtractive hybridization library construction and identification of epidermal bladder cell related genes in the common ice plant,Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L., a halophytic species, displays modified trichomes, epidermal bladder cells (EBC), on the surfaces of its aerial organs. EBCs serve to sequester excessive salt from underlying metabolically active tissues. To elucidate the molecular determinants governing EBC development in the common ice plant, we constructed a cDNA-based suppression subtractive hybridization library and identified genes differentially expressed between the wild-type and the EBC-less mutant. After hybridization, 38 clones were obtained. Among them, 24 clones had homology with plant genes of known functions, whose roles might not be directly related to EBC-morphology, while 14 clones were homologous to genes of unknown functions. After confirmation by northern blot analysis, 12 out of 14 clones of unknown functions were chosen for semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis, and the results revealed that three clones designated as MW3, MW21, and MW31 preferentially expressed in the EBC-less mutant, whereas the other two designated as WM10 and WM28 preferentially expressed in the wild type. Among these genes, the expression of a putative jasmonate-induced gene, designated as WM28 was completely suppressed in the EBC-mutant. In addition, the deletion of C-box cis-acting element was found in the promoter region of WM28 in the EBC-less mutant. Overexpression of WM28 in Arabidopsis resulted in increased trichome number due to the upregulation of key trichome-related genes GLABRA1 (GL1), and GLABRA3 (GL3). These results demonstrate that WM28 can be an important factor responsible for EBC formation, and also suggest the similarity of developmental mechanism between trichome in Arabidopsis and EBC in common ice plant.     

Weed emergence as affected by maize (Zea mays L.)-cover crop rotations in contrasting arable soils of Zimbabwe under conservation agriculture

Weed control in smallholder farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa is labour intensive or costly. Many researchers have therefore advocated for the use of cover crops in weed management as an affordable alternative for smallholders. Cover crops may be grown in rotations to suppress weeds and reduce the reliance on herbicides. The use of cover crops creates microenvironments that are either conducive or inhibitive to the emergence of certain weed species. A study, initiated in 2008 in contrasting soils at four different locations of Zimbabwe, investigated the effect of maize (Zea mays L.)-cover crop rotations on the emergence of weeds that showed dominance in those soils. Weed assessments were however, carried out from 2011 to 2014. The weed species Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Commelina benghalensis L., and Richardia scabra L. showed dominance in all four locations with weed densities as high as 500 plants m⁻² being recorded for R. scabra L. in a sandy soil. Maize-cover crop rotations resulted in higher densities of Bidens pilosa compared with maize monocropping (control treatment) due to its high nitrogen (N) requirement to produce more seeds. On the other hand, the integration of cover crops such as pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] that had poor shading qualities, due to large gaps or spaces and slower initial growth, had limited effects on competitive weeds such as Cyperus esculentus L. which tend to dominate exhausted soils. The density of C. esculentus was 38% greater in maize–pigeon pea rotations compared with the control treatment. Variability between seasons and sites affected emergence of all weeds in the present study, which masked long-term trends. The results suggest that there is need to identify the germination and emergence requirements of specific weeds and select cover crops best suitable for their control. The study provides useful information for farmers and advisors on the best cover crops for control of certain problematic weeds in different soil types of Zimbabwe.     

基于泵吸效应的电磁驱动配气机构温升抑制方案研究

根据动圈式电磁驱动配气机构的结构特点和工作原理提出了一种温升抑制方案:利用动圈的泵吸效应,以环形切片作为开关阀片,在无需额外动力源驱动的前提下能够提升动圈与永磁体之间气隙内的气体流量与速度,从而有效强化气隙表面的对流传热效果。通过建立流动区域的数值模型,仿真分析了电磁驱动配气机构工作循环中阀片的响应规律以及气体流动状态,据此对方案结构进行了改进,通过更换材质减轻了阀片的质量并优化了阀片行程。最后开展了配气机构长时间工作下的温升测试试验,结果表明,改进后的方案对执行器温升抑制效果明显,在测量工况下各测量点中最高温升下降12.1℃。     

尾叶桉人工林伐桩及其萌芽枝抑制处理研究

桉树林萌芽枝处理一直是林分改造及碳汇林建设需要解决的重要问题,如何通过药物处理及人工处理达到理想的效果,更是桉树林萌芽枝处理研究的关键所在.文章以增城区“退桉”为背景,开展了尾叶桉(Eucalypt urophylla)人工林伐桩及其萌芽枝8种不同抑萌处理方法比较.结果表明,盖灌能+套袋处理和2.4-D丁酯乳油+套袋处理尾叶桉伐桩枝叶枯萎率最高,为100％;伐桩腐烂比例最高为盖灌能+套袋处理,为83.6％,2.4-D丁酯乳油+套袋处理为49.2％;施药处理12个月,萌芽枝复萌比例最低的是盖灌能+套袋处理,为14.3％;各处理成本最高是盖灌能+套袋处理,为2 302.5元/hm2.使用盖灌能+套袋和2.4-D丁脂乳油+套袋处理尾叶桉伐桩及萌芽枝抑萌效果最好.     

应用抑制性消减杂交技术从枳中筛选根特异表达基因

为筛选分离植物根组织特异表达基因,以枳根RNA为试验组,叶RNA为驱动组,构建了枳根消减文库。从该消减文库中共获得有效序列1 177个,其片段长度主要分布在200 ~ 500 bp;序列拼接后得到455个非重复序列,其中245个与已知基因匹配,具有结合功能、催化活性和转运活性等生物学功能,可参与植物的代谢、细胞生长、个体发育、应激反应等生物学过程。实时定量PCR检测结果显示这些基因中的主要乳液蛋白、早期结瘤素样蛋白和贝壳杉烯酸氧化酶等基因在根中高表达。     

Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid modulates phagocytic responses of canine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes exposed to Clostridium difficile toxin B

Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12-CLA) has been reported to enhance phagocyte function. Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB) has been known to inhibit Ras-homologous (Rho) guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) which play essential roles in neutrophil immune functions. Here, we examined whether in vitro treatment with t10c12-CLA modulates the filamentous actin (F-actin) polymerization, phagocytic capacity, and oxidative burst activity (OBA) of canine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNs) exposed to TcdB. Treatment with t10c12-CLA, but not linoleic acid, enhanced PMN F-actin polymerization, phagocytic capacity, and OBA, while TcdB suppressed these functions. t10c12-CLA reversed the suppressive effects of TcdB on these PMN functions. t10c12-CLA stimulated F-actin polymerization regardless of whether phagocytosis was stimulated by microspheres but only elevated OBA when microspheres were added. We asked whether the effects of t10c12-CLA were associated with changes in the activation of the Rho GTPase Cdc42. Treatment with t10c12-CLA augmented Cdc42 activity in both TcdB-treated and TcdB-naive PMNs during phagocytosis. Thus, t10c12-CLA up-regulates PMN phagocytic responses attenuated by TcdB. This effect is associated with an increase in actin polymerization and may involve the activation of Cdc42.     

Presettlement and modern disturbance regimes in coast redwood forests: Implications for the conservation of old-growth stands

Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), a western North American conifer of ancient lineage, has a paradoxical combination of late-successional characteristics and strong adaptations to disturbance. Despite its shade tolerance and heavy dominance of the canopy on many sites, redwood saplings are uncommon in upland old-growth stands. Information needed to ensure the conservation of old-growth redwood forests has been limited. In this review paper, we integrate evidence on redwood biology with data on the historic and modern disturbance regimes to help clarify the degree to which key attributes of redwood forests may have been dependent upon periodic disturbance. Available evidence suggests that episodes of fire, flooding, and slope failure prior to European settlement were frequent but predominantly of low to moderate severity and extent, resulting in broadly uneven-aged forests. The majority of fires prior to European settlement were apparently of human origin. Frequency and severity of the major disturbance agents have been radically changed in modern times. Fires have been largely excluded, and flooding has been altered in ways that have often been detrimental to old-growth redwoods on alluvial terraces. However, because of the apparent anthropogenic origin of most presettlement fires, the long-term evolutionary role of fire for coast redwood is ecologically ambiguous. With fire exclusion, redwood possibly could be displaced to some extent on upland sites by increasing abundance of fire-sensitive competitors. Alternatively, redwood may be able to maintain dominance by vegetative sprouting and new seedling establishment on root-wad mounds, fallen logs, and on soil exposed by slope failure. Future research priorities are suggested that will help resolve some of the current ambiguities.     

落叶松扦插生根过程抑制消减杂交文库构建及分析

以落叶松扦插生根率存在显著差异的2个全同胞优良无性系茎和根为材料,应用抑制消减杂交技术构建了扦插生根过程中2个差异表达cDNA文库,酶切效率检测、连接效率检测、差减效率检测结果表明:这2个落叶松扦插生根过程差异表达cDNA文库构建成功.利用PCR扩增和点杂交试验筛选阳性克隆,将阳性克隆测序,并经生物信息学分析,最终获得521个UniEST.     

白芍制剂对中性粒细胞相关功能及磷酸二酯酶活性的影响

 【目的】以猪中性粒细胞为靶细胞,研究白芍制剂对其相关功能（呼吸爆发和弹性蛋白酶释放）及磷酸二酯酶活性的影响。【方法】中性粒细胞分离纯化后,以细胞色素C还原法检测中性粒细胞呼吸爆发,以弹性蛋白酶底物的减少反映弹性蛋白酶的释放量,以HPLC检测底物cAMP的变化反映磷酸二酯酶的活性等。【结果】白芍制剂呈剂量依赖性抑制中性粒细胞的呼吸爆发（P＜0.001）,3个不同浓度的抑制率分别为33.15%、45.96%和62.22%;对弹性蛋白酶的释放在低浓度时表现抑制作用（P＜0.05）,抑制率为23.22%,在高浓度时表现促进作用;对中性粒细胞磷酸二酯酶活性具有抑制作用,低、高浓度抑制率分别为13.24%和25.87%（P＜0.01）;HPLC指纹图谱分析表明白芍制剂主要存在5种成分。【结论】白芍制剂对猪中性粒细胞呼吸爆发具有明显的抑制作用,对弹性蛋白酶释放在低浓度有显著抑制作用,其作用机制可能与白芍制剂对磷酸二酯酶活性的抑制有关。