The Effect of Rangeland Fires on Cattle Tick Infestation in Western Zambia

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

室内燃煤及烹调用天然气污染分析

用ＧＤＸ－１０１吸附剂对室内空气中的挥发性有机化合物进行了定性分析,结果表明,定夺内燃煤空气中挥发性有机化合物共７４种,含苯系物,酞酸,酯,醛,酮,醇、酸、胺、脂肪烃和多环芳烃１０类,苯系物和多环芳烃各１１种,占较大比例;     

农地非农化过程中的社会燃烧理论研究

协调经济发展和农地保护之间的矛盾需要对农地非农化进行合理的调控.论文运用社会燃烧理论分析了农地非农化过程的发生,认为农地非农化是在“燃烧物质”——人口增长、资源禀赋、经济发展,“助燃剂”——农地比较经济效益低、农地非农化收益分配不合理、土地产权、权能模糊和地方政府的短期行为,“点火温度”——城市土地使用制度的第一次革命和快速城市化下共同作用的结果.其中,农地比较经济效益低、农地非农化收益分配不合理、土地产权、权能模糊和地方政府的短期行为是当前调控农地非农化应该重点解决的问题.     

阻燃处理木材燃烧残余物的热分解特征

为了弄清楚阻燃处理木材燃烧残余物的热分解特征,将阻燃处理木材在模拟的典型火灾中燃烧后,取距燃烧表面不同位置的试样,采用热失重法研究了阻燃处理木材燃烧残余物的热分解过程,结果表明:①阻燃处理木材及其燃烧残余物的热分解开始温度没有明显的差别,未处理木材燃烧残余物的热分解开始温度比未燃烧木材高;②阻燃处理木材中阻燃剂的热分解峰值温度为200℃,随着燃烧过程的进行,归属于阻燃剂的峰消失;③阻燃处理木材燃烧残余物热分解温度曲线中,在230℃附近归属于半纤维素的峰消失,在210～240℃出现了一个缓慢的肩;④阻燃处理木材及其燃烧残余物的质量损失速度曲线主峰温度比未处理木材及其燃烧残余物降低100℃,质量损失速度大幅度减少;⑤阻燃处理木材在600℃时的热分解残存质量比未处理木材显著增大,随着燃烧时受热温度的增高,燃烧残余物热分解的残余质量显著增大;⑥阻燃处理木材及其燃烧残余物的热分解温度区间,与未处理木材及其燃烧残余物存在显著差异.      

Effects of forest restoration treatments on the abundance of bark beetles in Norway spruce forests of southern Finland

Restoration of protected areas in boreal forests frequently includes creating substantial volumes of dead wood. While this benefits a wide range of dead wood dependent invertebrate species, some of these are regarded as forest pests. Therefore, the risk of elevated levels of tree mortality in surrounding commercial forests must be considered. In a large-scale field experiment in southern Finland, we studied the effects of restoration treatments on the abundance of bark beetles within and in the vicinity of restored areas, in particular focusing on Ips typographus and Pityogenes chalcographus. The treatments applied to managed Norway spruce forests were controlled burning and partial harvesting combined with retaining 5, 30 or 60 m³/ha of cut down wood. We found that the abundance of bark beetles increased by both burning and harvesting with down wood retention, being highest where burning and harvesting had been combined. The actual volume of down wood retention had no significant effect. The effect of burning on the number of bark beetles along host tree boles was negative which suggests that burnt spruces provided a less suitable resource for bark beetles than unburnt dead spruces. The abundance of bark beetles along host trees also decreased with increasing volume of down wood retention. The abundance of P. chalographus was slightly elevated up to 50 m outside restored areas but the abundance was very low compared to that within the areas. The abundance of I. typographus was extremely low outside restored areas. We conclude that restoration treatments increase the abundance of bark beetles via increased availability of resources, but that the effect of burning is likely to be counteracted by decreased resource quality. Thus, burning might be the “safest” way to produce large quantities of dead wood. Furthermore, the fact that only few beetles were collected in adjacent areas suggests that restored areas pose little threat of serving as refugia in which bark beetle populations increase in sufficient numbers to attack live trees in adjacent forests. However, restoration actions repeated at consecutive years within a small area might enable the populations to grow to outbreak levels.     

The role of disturbance severity and canopy closure on standing crop of understory plant species in ponderosa pine stands in northern Arizona,USA

Concerns about the long-term sustainability of overstocked dry conifer forests in western North America have provided impetus for treatments designed to enhance their productivity and native biodiversity. Dense forests are increasingly prone to large stand-replacing fires; yet, thinning and burning treatments, especially combined with other disturbances such as drought and grazing, may enhance populations of colonizing species, including a number of non-native species. Our study quantifies plant standing crop of major herbaceous species across contrasting stand structural types representing a range in disturbance severity in northern Arizona. The least disturbed unmanaged ponderosa pine stands had no non-native species, while non-native grasses constituted 7–11% of the understory plant standing crop in thinned and burned stands. Severely disturbed wildfire stands had a higher proportion of colonizing native species as well as non-native species than other structural types, and areas protected from grazing produced greater standing crop of native forbs compared to grazed unmanaged stands. Standing crop of understory plants in low basal area thinned and burned plots was similar to levels on wildfire plots, but was comprised of fewer non-native graminoids and native colonizing plants. Our results also indicate that size of canopy openings had a stronger influence on standing crop in low basal area plots, whereas tree density more strongly constrained understory plant standing crop in dense stands. These results imply that treatments resulting in clumped tree distribution and basal areas <10 m² ha⁻¹ will be more successful in restoring native understory plant biomass in dense stands. Multiple types and severity of disturbances, such as thinning, burning, grazing, and drought over short periods of time can create greater abundance of colonizing species. Spreading thinning and burning treatments over time may reduce the potential for non-native species colonization compared to immediately burning thinned stands.     

计划烧除的作用与应用研究综述

计划烧除是管理森林可燃物、预防森林火灾发生的有效方法,同时也是防治病虫害、促进山林复壮更新的重要措施。文章回顾了计划烧除在国内外的发展历史,阐述了计划烧除的应用及研究,总结出实施计划烧除的主要技术及操作程序,论述了国内目前计划烧除应用研究中存在的问题及发展前景。     

我国农作物秸秆资源化利用现状及农户对秸秆还田的认知态度

为了了解我国秸秆利用现状,实施了全国性问卷调查,并结合国家统计数据进行分析,研究结果表明:2011年我国9种主要作物(水稻、小麦、玉米、高粱、马铃薯、油菜、向日葵、棉花和甘蔗)的秸秆总产量为778 Mt,其中焚烧27%、还田38%、燃料17%、饲料14%、其他用途4%;山东、河北和河南的还田量之和占全国的一半;还田方式主要是机械粉碎还田,还田量占全国全部还田量的67%。农户支持还田的原因是改善土壤质量和提高作物产量,反对原因是机械成本增加、病虫害加重和影响下季作物种植。因此,应因地制宜发展不同的秸秆资源化利用模式和还田方式,加强技术研发、宣传培训和政策扶持等。     

河南省秸秆露天焚烧大气污染物排放量的估算与分析

为了解河南省秸秆露天焚烧大气污染物排放情况,根据2014年河南省的主要农作物产量、草谷比、焚烧比例和排放因子,采用排放因子法估算河南省秸秆焚烧大气污染物的排放量,建立河南省秸秆露天焚烧的污染物排放清单,并分析了大气污染物排放量的时空分布。结果表明:2014年河南省秸秆露天焚烧共排放:CO_21 210.45万t、CO 51.74万t、CH_43.27万t、NMVOCs 7.19万t、NH_30.59万t、BC 0.42万t、OC 2.47万t、SO_20.55万t、NO_X3.13万t、PM_(2.5)7.48万t。小麦和玉米是河南省露天焚烧排放大气污染物主要贡献源,其贡献率分别为38%~67%和17%~36%。大气污染物排放的高值区主要集中在驻马店、周口、南阳和商丘四个地市。大气污染物排放的高峰期集中在6月和10月,这两个月的各类污染物排放量对全年总排放量的分担率分别为37.1%~65.7%和11.3%~37%。     

安徽省农村秸秆综合利用研究

分析了安徽省农村秸秆资源潜力及其综合利用的现状,介绍了农村秸秆综合利用中存在的问题,提出了促进安徽省农村秸秆综合利用的具体对策。