杉木不同造林方式效益分析

从福建省洋口国有林场引进杉木2代苗木,通过炼山和不炼山2种方式在福建省沙县设立造林对比试验。结果显示：杉木不炼山方式造林比炼山方式造林投资高12.6%;杉木炼山方式造林前期生长比不炼山方式造林快,5a后渐渐持平,8a后不炼山方式造林显著优于炼山造林;炼山造林还导致土壤容重增大,土壤孔隙度降低,土壤变得紧实。     

污灌区作物根与秸秆不同处置的重金属健康风险评价

为了评估污灌区作物秸秆不同处理方式的重金属健康风险,以天津污灌区为例,估算了该污灌区3类农作物根和秸秆中的Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn总量及其分布特征,采用健康风险评价模型对根和秸秆采取直接还田、燃用、直接还田+燃用处置可能引起的重金属健康风险进行评价。结果表明：作物中重金属的分布格局为“根多茎少”;还田处置对儿童和成人造成的累积致癌风险值分别为6.08×10-9和1.95×10-8,非致癌风险值分别为1.01×10-5和6.45×10-6,不会造成健康伤害;燃用处置对儿童和成人造成的累积致癌风险值分别为2.89×10-8和4.67×10-8,非致癌风险值分别为1.76×10-3和9.43×10-4,还田+燃用处置对儿童和成人造成的累积致癌风险值分别为2.05×10-8和4.28×10-8,非致癌风险值分别为8.88×10-4和3.78×10-4,这2种处置对儿童和成人造成的非致癌性健康风险是不可接受的。污灌区作物初级废弃物由于重金属总量大,在进行处置时,应优先考虑还田,其次谨慎考虑燃用,为农业固体废弃物管理提供了科学依据。     

复合阻燃剂对思茅松胶合板性能的影响

选用5种磷-氮-硼复合体系阻燃剂对思茅松单板进行真空加压处理,用于制备阻燃胶合板,测试思茅松阻燃胶合板的胶合强度、燃烧性能、吸湿性和抗流失性.结果表明:当阻燃剂载药率为10%时,阻燃胶合板的胶合强度均≥1.15 MPa,超过Ⅱ类胶合板标准0.8 MPa;极限氧指数值均>38%,达到日本JIS难燃一级指标要求.当载药率为15%时,FR-a,FR-b和FR-c 3种阻燃剂处理的阻燃胶合板的极限氧指数值为53%~59%.5种阻燃剂中,FR-a会显著增加木材的吸湿性,其他阻燃剂对吸湿性影响不大.与阻燃剂的水溶性相对应,FR-a和FR-b抗流失性较差,FR-d和FR-e具有优良的抗流失性,FR-c则有一定的抗流失性.5种阻燃剂相比较,FR-c的综合性能最优.     

BCT-1型生物质燃气燃烧器的研制

该文介绍了生物质燃气的基本燃烧特性，并给出了BCT-1型生物质燃气燃烧器的基本结构。BCT-1型生物质燃气燃烧器采用鼓风扩散式燃烧，使用柴油作为点火介质，燃烧过程实现自动控制。该燃烧器适用于多种生物质气化燃气，试验表明燃烧器在稳定工作条件下燃烧效率为98％，烟气CO含量小于1×10^-6，各项性能指标达到燃气燃烧器的基本要求。     

Canopy cover and groundlayer vegetation dynamics in a fire managed eastern sand savanna

Savanna vegetation is characterized by high and variable ground layer species richness regulated by functional group interactions with fire regimes and canopy cover. Frequent fire selects for C4 grasses and prairie forbs in canopy openings and C3 graminoid species and shade-adapted forbs and shrubs in canopy shade. Frequent fire also maximizes heterogeneity in partial canopy cover and species richness across the full canopy gradient. However, few studies have linked fire induced change in tree canopy cover with groundlayer vegetation dynamics in relation to this model. In 1986 and in 2007, we measured canopy cover and sampled groundlayer vegetation in 1 m² plots along 53 transects at the Tefft Savanna, a fire managed 197 ha eastern sand savanna with strong canopy cover and elevation gradients. We analyzed temporal change in canopy cover and groundlayer vegetation, correlating percent change in canopy cover with change in ground layer functional groups. After 20 years of burning at 3 fires/decade, elevation accounted for 62% of the variation in an NMS ordination of groundlayer vegetation. However, canopy cover, which averaged 24-86% in 2007, had a significant secondary effect on the ordination. Five vegetation types classified by TWINSPAN varied significantly in elevation and canopy cover. Woody vegetation comprised 8 of the 12 species with greatest niche breadths, and tended to predominant in woodland or forest, where tree cover averaged 50% or more. Forbs had greater richness in savanna, which averaged less than 30% canopy cover. The C3 sedge Carex pensylvanica was the dominant graminoid species under woodland canopy cover, and was co-dominant with the C4 grasses Andropogon scoparius and Sorghastrum nutans under savanna canopy cover. As in other savannas, N-fixing species sorted across shade and canopy openings, and heterogeneity among transects was maximized at mid-canopy cover. Over time, canopy cover decreased up to 50%, creating more open savanna conditions at mid to high elevations. This decrease was associated with a 20-100 % increase in species richness and was significantly correlated with increasing richness and cover of C4 grasses and summer flowering prairie and woodland forbs. These results support a canopy cover model of fire-maintained savanna vegetation, with greater abundance of C4 grasses and prairie forb species associated with lower canopy cover, greater heterogeneity at mid-canopy cover, and species richness maximized across the light gradient. They also indicate that decreasing canopy cover caused by repeated burning increases species richness and abundance of C4 and prairie forb species.     

炼山后杉木幼林地土壤肥力动态研究

本文通过连续四年定位研究,结果表明:炼山后一段时期内（几个月至一年）,林地土壤肥力和土温得到短期提高,但土壤全N和有机质因高温挥发而有所降低;随后因炼山林地裸露,水土流失加剧,土壤肥力各指标呈逐年下降趋势;至第四年又表现出回升趋势。说明炼山一方面加快杉木人工林生态系统的养分循环,另一方面又干扰和破坏生态系统的养分循环的格局。     

灼烧对保护地土壤化学性质的影响

研究了不同灼烧温度下保护地土壤化学性质的变化．结果表明，随着灼烧温度的增加，土壤pH值大体呈上升趋势，渐近于中性；土壤全氮含量逐渐减少；土壤全磷含量变化较小；土壤全钾含量在低温灼烧阶段有轻微波动，但不同灼烧温度下全钾含量的方差分析差异不显著；土壤中碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量在灼烧温度为100～200℃时变化不大，当灼烧温度大于300℃时土壤碱解氮和速效磷的含量均逐渐减少，土壤中速效钾的含量逐渐上升，超过600℃时有所下降．     

一株敌敌畏降解菌DDV-1(Ochrobactrium sp.)的分离鉴定及其降解特性的研究

Soil organic carbon （C） and total nitrogen （N） pools of a Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook.） （CF） forest, and an evergreen broadleaf （EB） forest located in mid-subtropical, southeastern China, were compared before clearcutting, with the effect of slash burning on organic C and total N in the top 10 cm of soil before and after burning also being evaluated. Prior to clearcutting CF forest had significantly lower （P 〈0.05） organic C and total N in the soil （0-100 cm） compared to EB forest with approximately 60% of the C and N at the two forest sites stored at the 0 to 40 cm soil. In post-burn samples of the 0-10 cm depth at 5 days, 1 year, and 5 years for CF and EB forests, significantly lower levels （P 〈0.05） of organic C and total N than those in the pre-burn samples were observed. Compared to the pre-burn levels, at post-burn year 5, surface soil organic C storage was only 85% in CF forest and 72% in EB forest, while total N storage was 77% for CF forest and 73% for EB forest. Slash burning caused marked long-term changes in surface soil C and N in the two forest types.     

Influence of repeated prescribed burning on the soil fungal community in an eastern Australian wet sclerophyll forest

A long-term prescribed burning experiment, incorporating replicated plots that receive burning biennially (2 yr burn) or quadrennially (4 yr burn) and unburned controls, has been maintained in a wet sclerophyll forest at Peachester, Queensland, Australia since 1972. In 2003 we extracted DNA from soil collected from the experimental plots and investigated the influence of the burning on the soil fungal community by comparing denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of PCR-amplified partial rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1). Canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP) of the DGGE profiles of the upper 10 cm of the soil profile grouped the data strongly according to treatment, indicating that both burning regimes significantly altered fungal community structure compared to the unburned controls. In contrast, no obvious trend was observed for soil from a depth of 10-20 cm of the profile. Sequencing of selected DGGE bands found no obvious patterns of presence/absence of taxonomic groups between the treatments. Analysis of soil nitrogen and carbon by mass spectrometry indicated that total soil C and N, along with both gross and net N mineralisation, were significantly lower in 2 yr plots compared to control and 4 yr plots.     

关于安徽省最严“禁烧令”的思考

秸秆焚烧已经成为重大的环境问题和农业问题,2014年是安徽省秸秆禁烧最严格的一年。本文结合《2014年全省秸秆禁烧工作方案》的实施情况讨论了安徽省秸秆禁烧与综合利用中存在的问题,并分析了问题的原因,进一步从工农一体化、市场机制、人才培养、技术研发、工作改进5个方面探索了解决问题的方案。