关于营林用火相关问题的探讨

林火作为重要的生态因子,影响着森林生态系统的平衡。本文介绍了营林用火的概念,阐述了营林用火的理论基础。营林用火包括计划火烧和控制火烧,因不同的经营目的而采用不同的用火方式。同时还讨论了营林用火在应用与相关研究中存在的问题。     

Impact of cultivation and sugar-cane green trash management on carbon fractions and aggregate stability for a Chromic Luvisol in Queensland, Australia

Technological advances in sugar-cane harvesting and processing is bringing about rapid changes in production systems which could impact on soil physical conditions. An increasing incidence of soil structural decline and depletion of soil carbon levels has increased the risk of soil erosion and crop yield reductions. Soil carbon (C) and aggregate stability were studied on a sugar-cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) green trash blanket trial that had been established on a Chromic Luvisol soil at Mackay, Qld, Australia in 1992. The experiment consisted of blocks with two blocks being harvested early and the remaining two blocks harvested late in the crushing season. Within each block, treatment combinations of trash burnt or green trash blanket, which are either cultivated between rows or not cultivated after harvest, were included. Cropping and cultivation of the soil reduced the different C fractions in the surface 0–100 mm layer by 66–67% when compared to an adjacent uncropped reference soil. The labile C (C_L) concentration was 11% lower in the burnt treatment compared to the trash returned treatment but the opposite was found for total C (C_T). After four years, the no cultivation treatment had higher concentrations of all C fractions measured, compared to the cultivated treatment. When compared to the uncropped reference soil, cropping resulted in marked reductions in aggregate mean weight diameter (MWD) and aggregates >250 μm and an increase in aggregates <125 μm determined by both immersion and tension wetting. The return of the green trash resulted in a 30% greater MWD and a 28% increase in aggregates >250 μm and an 18% reduction in aggregates <125 μm compared to the burnt treatment when immersion wetting was used. Four years of cultivation reduced the MWD, as determined by immersion wetting, by 26% compared to the no cultivation treatment. No significant correlations were found between any measured C fraction and aggregate stability. This study indicates that sustainable sugar-cane cropping systems will likely be those where cultivation is kept to a minimum and trash is retained in the system.     

炼山干扰对米槠林分布格局的影响 Ⅰ.主要树种分布格局的分析方法

应用频次分布法和4种扩散指数法(包括扩散系数C、聚集度指标I、Morisita分散指标Iδ、Cassie.R.M指标CA)对福建武平帽布米槠林炼山前后6种主要树种分布格局进行比较研究.结果表明这6种主要树种炼山前后的空间分布型均符合二项分布(聚集分布).炼山后米槠种群(除了Iδ、CA和X/X公式外)、杉木种群、木荷种群、刨花楠种群和栲树种群聚集强度都不同程度增加,而中华杜英种群除了指标Iδ聚集强度增加外,其余公式炼山后聚集强度都呈下降趋势.     

乙醇柴油均质压缩燃烧反应特点及边界条件分析

为了提高发动机的性能,该文研究纯柴油和乙醇/柴油双燃料的化学动力学反应机理,分析乙醇加入对柴油均质压缩燃烧的重要物种、自由基和关键反应的影响.结果表明,乙醇在一定程度上抑制了柴油的低温反应,脱氢产物C7H15在低温阶段的裂解反应微弱,一次加氧反应和二次加氧反应起主导作用.还分析了不同进气温度(400 K、420 K和440 K)和当量比(0.2、0.4和0.6)等边界参数对均质压燃发动机燃烧过程的影响.结果表明,初始温度对着火时刻有着重要的影响,当量燃空比对着火时刻和缸内压力、温度变化影响显著.初始温度升高,脱氢反应和加氧反应先增强后减弱,反应时刻提前.当量燃空比增大,脱氧反应和加氧反应增强,反应开始时刻延迟,反应时间缩短.研究结果可为乙醇/柴油双燃料发动机的应用提供理论依据.     

河南省夏季秸秆焚烧污染物排放量的估算与分析

基于2007年夏季秸秆焚烧卫星遥感监测资料,结合粮食产量、谷草比、排放因子等,估算了河南省秸秆焚烧各污染物的排放量。结果表明,2007年夏季河南省秸秆焚烧共排放：PM2.5 30 433.9 t、SO2 1 586.2 t、NOx 12.2 t、NH3 76.1 t、CH4 39.6 t、VOC 82.2 t、CO477.8 t、CO2 2 799.9 t。秸秆焚烧污染物排放量空间分布受小麦种植面积影响较大,中东部多于西部,其中周口、驻马店和南阳排放量最多;夏季秸秆焚烧较为集中,PM2.5的排放多集中在5月下旬和6月上旬,且与郑州市PM2.5日均浓度有较好的相关性。     

Fuel properties and combustion characteristics of some promising bamboo species in India

We investigated the fuel characteristics of five important bamboo species viz., Dendrocalamus strictus, D. brandisii, D. stocksii, Bambusa bambos and B. balcooa. The selected species cover more than 85% of the total growing stock of bamboo in India. Basic density varied from 0.48 to 0.78 g?cm-3 among the bamboo species studied. Ash content, volatile matter content and fixed carbon content ranged between 1.4%-3.0%, 77.2%-80.8% and 17.6%-21.1%, respectively. Variation in calorific value(18.7-19.6 MJ?kg-1) was marginal. Fuel value index varied widely(586-2120) among bamboo species. The highest calorific value(19.6 MJ?kg-1) and fuel value index(2120) were found in B. balcooa. Ash elemental analysis revealed that silica and potassium are the major ash forming minerals in bamboo biomass. Silica content ranged from 8.7% to 49.0%, while potassium ranged from 20.6% to 69.8%. We studied combustion characteristics under oxidizing atmosphere. Burning profiles of the samples were derived by applying the derivative thermogravimetric technique which is discussed in detail. The five bamboo species were different in their combustion behaviour, mainly due to differences in physical and chemical properties. We compare fuel properties, ash elemental analysis and combustion characteristics of bamboo biomass with wood biomass of Eucalyptus hybrid(Eucalyptus tereticornis × Eucalyptus camaldulensis).     

重度火烧对大兴安岭天然林土壤有机碳和黑碳的影响1）

以大兴安岭重度火烧迹地土壤为研究对象,通过对比研究,探讨重度火烧对大兴安岭天然林土壤有机碳和黑碳的影响。结果表明：对照样地和重度火烧迹地的土壤有机碳和黑碳质量分数都随土层深入而降低。与对照样地相比,重度火烧迹地0～5 cm土层土壤有机碳质量分数增加了41．56％,＞5～10 cm和＞10～20 cm土层有机碳质量分数变化不大。0～5 cm土层黑碳质量分数增加了21．37 g／kg （ p＜0．05）,＞5～10 cm和＞10～20 cm土层黑碳质量分数分别增加了1．25、1．15 g／kg,差异都未达显著水平。对照样地土壤黑碳与有机碳的比例在14．0％～18．1％,随土层深入表现出先升后降的趋势。重度火烧迹地土壤黑碳与有机碳的比例在17．3％～28．0％,随土层深入表现出逐渐下降的趋势。重度火烧迹地土壤黑碳在有机碳中的比例高于对照样地。2种林分土壤有机碳和黑碳的质量分数之间都呈极显著的线性关系（ p＜0．01）,黑碳在大兴安岭森林土壤有机碳的固定过程中起着重要的作用。     

三种木材阻燃剂的对比研究

通过处理三组不同密度的水曲柳,对比研究了BL-环保阻燃剂和市场上两种木材阻燃剂的渗透性及阻燃性等。结果表明,BL-环保阻燃剂在阻燃性、抑烟性方面优于另外两种阻燃剂;在渗透性和吸湿性方面居中;而在对木材力学性能的影响方面不如其他两种阻燃剂。     

热媒炉改烧渣油的稳定性与连续性分析

通过分析铁大输油管道使用的热媒炉由烧原油改为渣油后所引起的不稳定连续燃烧的诸因素,提出了相应的解决方法和建议,经实践检验效果显著,可供热煤炉使用单位借鉴。     

Numerical Value Stimulation and Run Experiment of Burning Device in a Boiler

This article analyzes what causes the lower main steam temperature of 1# boiler in the PZH-Steel Plant, then designs reconstructive project of spout of burning device which will be up and diameter of tangent round which will be decreased. At the same time, it is analyzed through numerical value stimulation and usual thermal calculation of boiler, and the result of calculation is used to reconstruct the actual boiler. The result of reconstructive run experiment shows that numerical value stimulation was correct, and attains anticipated object.