专业种植大户迫切需要的农业社会化服务是什么?——基于对黑龙江省的调查

伴随农业生产向专业分工、社会化协作方式转变,农业社会化服务对农业生产发挥越来越重要的作用,充分掌握农业社会化服务的主体需求性,并系统分析影响需求的决定因素,是实现农业现代化的关键。鉴于此,本文基于农户行为理论,以黑龙江省专业种植大户为研究对象,运用二元Logistic回归模型,分析专业种植大户对农业社会化服务的需求,探讨其需求的影响因素。结果表明,专业种植大户对农业社会化服务需求意愿较为强烈,且最迫切需要的农业社会化服务分别是农业信息服务、农业生产资料供应服务和农业技术服务3项,需求率分别为56.88%、56.61%和54.76%。性别、受教育程度、务农劳动力规模、农地规模、土地细碎化程度、种植收入占比、对现有服务的评价、是否担任村干部、是否加入合作社、是否参加过农业培训对农业社会化服务需求有正向影响,年龄、务农劳动力是否兼业对农业社会化服务需求有负向影响。因此,提出要创新服务供给形式、注重契合主体需要,统筹各类农户主体特征、兼顾不同主体需求满意度,巩固农民专业合作社发展地位、完善农民专业合作社服务功能等政策建议。     

基于Host Link 通信的燃气炉自动控制系统

介绍了基于高速调温烧嘴燃气加热炉的全自动计算机智能控制系统的方案,实现自动点火、自动监测火焰、脉动式燃烧、自动控温、熄火报警保护、数据的显示与记录等功能,并采用CPM1AH的Host Link 通信功能及智能PID控制技术,合理优化控制,使燃气在炉内能充分燃烧.采用燃气炉自动控制系统,既节省能源,又减少了大气的污染,同时保护了环境.     

秸秆捆烧清洁供暖技术评价

中国北方地区秸秆资源丰富,将秸秆打捆转化为能源实现清洁取暖,既能解决秸秆过剩问题,又能有效替代煤炭,对改善大气质量和人居环境具有重要意义。为探究秸秆捆烧清洁供暖技术的能源效率、经济效益和温室气体排放,采用3E（Economic,Energy and Environment）评价模型,从作物种植收获到秸秆捆烧供暖应用全过程开展系统评价,结果表明,秸秆捆烧供暖技术的能源和经济效益较好、温室气体排放少,适于居住较集中的村镇地区冬季供暖,也可用于农业、工业园区等区域供热。供暖面积0.5×104～10×104m2范围内,供暖面积越高,能源和经济环境效益越好,秸秆捆烧供暖的净能量10 512～10 774.8 MJ/t,能量产出投入比8.4～8.5,能源转化率较高,温室气体CO2当量排放量为9.67～11.21 g/MJ;技术经济成本391.1元/t（折合16.2元/m2）～560.5元/t（折合23.8元/m2）,按基准收益率8%计算,供暖规模应不小于2×104 m2,若不考虑折旧只考虑运行成本,则供暖面积应不小于1×104 m2。与秸秆成型燃料和秸秆炭气联产供暖技术比较,均具有较好的经济效益,秸秆捆烧供暖技术的能量效益最优,温室气体排放量最少。与煤炭供暖技术相比,3种秸秆供暖技术的净能量产出不如煤炭,但温室气体排放仅为煤炭的1/10～1/7,秸秆清洁供暖技术的环境效益显著。     

林缘点烧火行为指标分析

在林缘试点烧同时，测得当时天气条件下空气温度ｔ（℃）、相对湿度ｒ（％）、风速ｓ（ｍ／ｓ）３组主要因子和点烧后火蔓延到１０、２０、３０、４０ｍ处时线速度Ｖ（ｍ／ｍｉｎ），火焰高度Ｈ（ｍ），并估算了火强度Ｉ（ｋＷ／ｍ）。经相关分析，获得Ｖ、Ｈ、Ｉ与ｔ、ｒ、ｓ之间一元非线性和多元回归经验方程，结果与杨美和等对林外干草地火行为指标回归分析趋势一致。     

炼山后杉木幼林生长动态研究

本文通过连续四年定位研究,结果表明:炼山能明显地提高杉木造林成活率;对幼林生长有促进效应,但这种效应仅是短期的,一般在炼山后第一年至第三年;炼山还有利于一年生草本和阳性植物种类增加。     

The effects of fire-breaks on plant diversity and species composition in the grasslands of the Loskop Dam Nature Reserve,South Africa

There is a dearth of knowledge on the effects of annual burning of fire-breaks on species composition, plant diversity and soil properties. Whittaker's plant diversity technique was used to gather data on species composition and diversity in four grassland communities on the Loskop Dam Nature Reserve (LDNR). The study demonstrated that fire-beaks did not have a negative effect on plant diversity and an increase was even noted in various diversity parameters in the grassland on abandoned cropland. Fire-breaks were changing the species composition, as three of the four communities illustrated a clear separation in species composition between fire-break and unburnt plots. There was not a strong association between specific species and the fire-break or unburnt plots, except for Themeda triandra and Tristachya leucothrix, known for their association with and without fire, respectively. The change in species composition was not negatively affecting range condition. Carbon and nitrogen concentrations were slightly lower in the fire-break than unburnt soils, but the reduced concentrations were unlikely to cause severe soil degradation in fire-break zones. From a management perspective, fire-breaks appear to be a sustainable management tool as they are not adversely affecting plant diversity or range condition in the grassland association on LDNR.     

Longer-Term Evaluation of Revegetation of Medusahead-Invaded Sagebrush Steppe

Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae [L.] Nevski) and other exotic annual grasses have invaded millions of hectares of sagebrush (Artemisia L.) steppe. Revegetation of medusahead-invaded sagebrush steppe with perennial vegetation is critically needed to restore productivity and decrease the risk of frequent wildfires. However, it is unclear if revegetation efforts provide long-term benefits (fewer exotic annuals and more perennials). The limited literature available on the topic questions whether revegetation efforts reduce medusahead abundance beyond 2 or 3 yr. We evaluated revegetation of medusahead-invaded rangelands for 5 yr after seeding introduced perennial bunchgrasses at five locations. We compared areas that were fall-prescribed burned immediately followed by an imazapic herbicide treatment and then seeded with bunchgrasses 1 yr later (imazapic-seed) with untreated controls (control). The imazapic-seed treatment decreased exotic annual grass cover and density. At the end of the study, exotic annual grass cover and density were 2-fold greater in the control compared with the imazapic-seed treatment. The imazapic-seed treatment had greater large perennial bunchgrass cover and density and less annual forb (predominately exotic annuals) cover and density than the untreated control for the duration of the study. At the end of the study, large perennial bunchgrass density average 10 plant ? m^? 2 in the imazapic-seed treatment, which is comparable with intact sagebrush steppe communities. Plant available soil nitrogen was also greater in the imazapic-seed treatment compared with the untreated control for the duration of the study. The results of this study suggest that revegetation of medusahead-invaded sagebrush steppe can provide lasting benefits, including limiting exotic annual grasses.     

Demographic and Density Response of Northern Bobwhites to Pyric Herbivory of Non-Native Grasslands

Usable space for northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) has declined significantly over the past 3 decades in Texas because non-native grasses have replaced native vegetation. We hypothesized that burning patches in pastures dominated by buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) and Old World bluestems (Bothriochloa spp. and Dichanthium spp.) followed by livestock grazing would increase limiting habitat attributes, thereby increasing usable space and bobwhite demographic parameters and population densities. Our study was conducted during 2009–2011 in LaSalle County, Texas on a ranch dominated by non-native grasses. Our experimental design was composed of 2 blocks with two 240-ha pastures, one control (graze only), and one treatment (patch-burn and graze) in each. We estimated grass standing crop in grazing exclosures (June–September) and habitat attributes along transects (October) 2009–2011. Bobwhites were captured and monitored via radiotelemetry 2–3 times/wk during March–November. Means of vegetation metrics important to bobwhites such as bare ground, traversibility, and forb and subshrub cover were similar between control and treatment units in post-treatment years. However, grass standing crop tended to be lower in treatment (June and August 2010 and September 2011—110.5 ± 26.2 g/m²) compared with control units (June and August 2010 and September 2011—145.5 ± 58.6 g/m²). Plant species richness was also greater (21%) in treatment (4.6 ± 0.4/0.1 m²) compared with control units (3.8 ± 0.4/0.1 m²) during the last year of the study (P ≥ 0.057). Patch heterogeneity was increased in treatment units. There was an increase in bobwhite densities in treatment units, although demographic metrics remained similar between treatment and controls. Patch burning and grazing is a viable tool for managing monotypic non-native grasslands for bobwhites in semiarid environments.     

Longer-Term Evaluation of Sagebrush Restoration After Juniper Control and Herbaceous Vegetation Trade-offs

Degradation of shrublands around the world from altered fire regimes, overutilization, and anthropogenic disturbance has resulted in a widespread need for shrub restoration. In western North America, reestablishment of mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana [Rydb.] Beetle) is needed to restore ecosystem services and function. Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis ssp. occidentalis Hook) encroachment is a serious threat to mountain big sagebrush communities in the northern Great Basin and Columbia Plateau. Juniper trees can be controlled with fire; however, sagebrush recovery may be slow, especially if encroachment largely eliminated sagebrush before juniper control. Short-term studies have suggested that seeding mountain big sagebrush after juniper control may accelerate sagebrush recovery. Longer-term information is lacking on how sagebrush recovery progresses and if there are trade-offs with herbaceous vegetation. We compared seeding and not seeding mountain big sagebrush after juniper control (partial cutting followed with burning) in fully developed juniper woodlands (i.e., sagebrush had been largely excluded) at five sites, 7 and 8 yr after seeding. Sagebrush cover averaged ~ 30% in sagebrush seeded plots compared with ~ 1% in unseeded plots 8 yr after seeding, thus suggesting that sagebrush recovery may be slow without seeding after juniper control. Total herbaceous vegetation, perennial grass, and annual forb cover was less where sagebrush was seeded. Thus, there is a trade-off with herbaceous vegetation with seeding sagebrush. Our results suggest that seeding sagebrush after juniper control can accelerate the recovery of sagebrush habitat characteristics, which is important for sagebrush-associated wildlife. We suggest land manager and restoration practitioners consider seeding sagebrush and possibly other shrubs after controlling encroaching trees where residual shrubs are lacking after control.     

Clear‐cutting and slash burning effects on soil CO2 efflux partitioning in Chinese fir and evergreen broadleaved forests in subtropical China

Clear‐cutting (CC) and slash burning (SB) are common silvicultural practices in subtropical China, yet the time‐course response of soil CO₂ efflux components to such disturbance is not well understood. This study examined the effects of CC and SB on soil CO₂ efflux components in a Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook (Chinese fir, CF) plantation and a secondary evergreen broadleaved forest (BF) located in Fujian Province, southeastern China. Aboveground litter removal and root trenching were used to estimate CO₂ fluxes from soil organic matter decomposition (R_SOM), litter decomposition (R_L), and autotrophic respiration by roots and mycorrhizae (R_R). These components were measured 5–7 times per month from 18 October 2001 to 25 December 2003 using soda lime absorption. We found that R_R, R_L and R_SOM were initially higher in CC and SB plots than controls in both forests, but these three component fluxes in disturbed plots all fell below those of the control 5–20 months after the disturbance. Also, Q₁₀ values of these components decreased following disturbance. The annual flux of each respiration component was greater under BF than CF. The contribution of R_R to soil CO₂ efflux in the control plots averaged 35% in CF and 46% in BF. R_SOM was the dominant component of soil CO₂ efflux in CC and SB plots, accounting for over 50%. Our results highlight the importance of temporal trends of the component fluxes following disturbance and contribute to a broader understanding of forest management effects on the soil C cycle.