Effects of Shifting Cultivation on Soil Ecosystems in Sarawak, Malaysia. III. Results of Burning Practice and Changes in Soil Organic Matter at Niah and Bakam Experimental Sites

The effects of burning on the levels of soil organic matter, soil nitrogen, and soil microbial biomass were studied by carrying out experimental shifting cultivation at two sites, Niah and Bakam in Sarawak, Malaysia. Vegetation biomass was burned in plots (10 × 10 m²) at the rates of 0 (control), 100, 200, and 300 Mg ha⁻¹ at the Niah site and 0, 20, and 100 Mg ha⁻¹ at the Bakam site. At the Niah site, the levels of total C and N of the soils did not change throughout the experiment in spite of enhanced soil respiration until 2 months after burning. Although burning induced an increase in the amount of NH₄-N of the soils, the readily available pool of N (the sum of the NH₄-N, NO₃-N, microbial biomass N, and extractable organic N pools) in the burned plots was depleted appreciably at the end of rice cultivation. The effects of burning on these properties tended to be substantial with increasing amounts of the vegetation biomass burned. On the other hand, the levels of total C and N and the readily available N pool at the Bakam site were low before burning compared with those at the Niah site, and the burning treatments did not affect them appreciably. While the rice yield at the Niah site reached the average value obtained in traditional shifting cultivation in Sarawak, that at the Bakam site was much lower. It was suggested that the flush of NH₄-N induced by burning was one of the major factors for rice growth.     

火烧和刈割耙除对草原土壤理化性质的影响

本研究探讨草地植被恢复中刈割耙除是否可以成为代替火烧的措施。结果表明,与对照相比,火烧、刈割耙除均可提高土壤温度,火烧5、10 cm土层土壤温度升高2.26 ℃,刈割耙除可增加1.48 ℃;火烧提高15、20 cm土层土壤温度1.74 ℃,刈割耙除可提高0.87 ℃;与对照相比,火烧和刈割耙除均可显著降低土壤大于0.25 mm团聚体的含量,但火烧和刈割耙除两者间的差异不显著（P>0.05）;火烧和刈割耙除均可显著降低土壤有机碳和全氮含量（P<0.05）,土壤有机碳和全氮含量均表现为对照>刈割耙除>火烧;连续火烧分别可使0～10 cm、10～20 cm土壤有机碳降低11.69、8.00 g/kg,全氮降低0.633、0.752 g/kg;连续多年刈割对土壤有机碳和全氮的影响均弱于火烧;火烧可使土壤0～10 cm的碳氮比降低（P<0.05）,刈割耙除对其影响不大。     

林下可燃物管理方式对森林碳储量的影响

森林具有吸收CO2和储存碳的功能.森林火灾会引起碳泄露,加速温室效应,减少森林火灾,确保森林资源安全,即实现增汇减排,减缓温室效应.森林可燃物是火灾的物质基础,采取有效措施对可燃物进行管理可减少森林火灾,比较计划烧除、清理、绞碎覆盖碾压和掩埋4个方式预防森林火灾的效果和固碳效益.清理可燃物和掩埋可燃物所达到的防火效果是最好的,其次是计划烧除,最后是绞碎覆盖碾压;掩埋最有利于提高森林固碳效益,其次是计划烧除和绞碎覆盖碾压.     

纤维素单独成型及燃烧特性研究

以纤维素为成型原料,利用万能试验机进行纤维素成型试验,研究物料含水率、成型温度及成型压力对成型颗粒品质影响,利用扫描电镜观察纤维素成型颗粒内部结构,热重分析仪分析纤维素粉末及成型后颗粒燃烧特性。结果表明,一定范围内增加纤维素含水率、成型压力及成型温度,可提高颗粒品质,含水率为14%~29%、成型压力为3~4 k N、成型温度为100℃时效果最好;纤维素粉末及纤维素颗粒主要失重部分在挥发分燃烧阶段,纤维素成型后会升高燃烧反应起始温度,提高燃烧最大速度时温度。建立燃烧动力学模型,结果表明,纤维素活化能较低,且遵循动力学一级和二级规律。     

从秸秆焚烧看我国环境民事公益诉讼制度的缺失

从实体法和程序法方面分析了我国现行立法中环境民事公益诉讼规定的缺失,从创设环境权、放宽原告的起诉资格、扩大环境民事公益诉讼的范围等方面探讨了具有中国特色的环境民事公益诉讼制度的构建。     

陕西省兴平市秸秆禁烧根本出路问题探讨

焚烧秸秆屡禁不止的现象,是长期困扰陕西省兴平市的一个难题,疏堵结合,以疏为主,多措并举,不断提高秸秆的综合利用率,才是解决秸秆禁烧问题的根本出路。     

Thinning and prescribed fire effects on dwarf mistletoe severity in an eastern Cascade Range dry forest,Washington

Forest thinning and prescribed fire practices are widely used, either separately or in combination, to address tree stocking, species composition, and wildland fire concerns in western US mixed conifer forests. We examined the effects of these fuel treatments alone and combined on dwarf mistletoe infection severity immediately after treatment and for the following 100 years. Thinning, burning, thin + burn, and control treatments were applied to 10 ha units; each treatment was replicated three times. Dwarf mistletoe was found in ponderosa pine and/or Douglas-fir in all units prior to treatment. Stand infection severity was low to moderate, and severely infected trees were the largest in the overstory. Thinning produced the greatest reductions in tree stocking and mistletoe severity. Burning reduced stocking somewhat less because spring burns were relatively cool with spotty fuel consumption and mortality. Burning effects on vegetation were enhanced when combined with thinning; thin + burn treatments also reduced mistletoe severity in all size classes. Stand growth simulations using the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) showed a trend of reduced mistletoe spread and intensification over time for all active treatments. When thinned and unthinned treatments were compared, thinning reduced infected basal area and treatment effects were obvious, beginning in the second decade. The same was true with burned and unburned treatments. Treatment effects on infected tree density were similar to infected basal area; however, treatment effects diminished after 20 years, suggesting a re-treatment interval for dwarf mistletoe.     

沼气组分比例对其燃烧稳定性及层流燃烧特性的影响

为了获得沼气主要组分比例所占比例对其燃烧稳定性与层流燃烧特性的影响规律,试验测量了当量比范围为0.8~1.3、初始压力范围为0.1~0.3 MPa、初始温度为320 K、甲烷体积分数分别为47%、55.5%、59%条件下沼气的火焰发展特性。同时,分析了沼气主要组分比例所占比例对沼气层流燃烧时的火焰稳定性与燃烧速度的影响规律。结果表明,当初始温度为320 K、当量比为1.0、初始压力为0.1 MPa时,在不同甲烷体积分数下火焰前锋面均较为光滑,并呈准球形向外发展;当初始压力升高至0.2 MPa时,不同甲烷体积分数下火焰前锋面均出现了裂纹与火焰突起,优先扩散不稳定性初步显示;当初始压力继续升高至0.3 MPa时,优先扩散不稳定性逐步明显,同时,浮力不稳定性将初步显示。随着当量比的增加、初始压力的降低或沼气中甲烷体积分数的增加,马克斯坦长度逐渐增大,火焰稳定性逐步增强。在各工况下无拉伸火焰传播速度与层流燃烧速度随当量比的升高呈现先增加后降低的趋势,在当量比为1.1时达到最大;同时,随着初始压力的降低或甲烷体积分数的升高,无拉伸火焰传播速度与层流燃烧速度逐渐增大。