Pharmacokinetics in plasma and alveolar regions of a healthy calf intramuscularly administered a single dose of orbifloxacin

This study analyzed the pharmacokinetics of orbifloxacin (OBFX) in plasma, and its migration and retention in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar cells within the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Four healthy calves received a single dose of OBFX (5.0 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Post-administration OBFX dynamics were in accordance with a non-compartment model, including the absorption phase. The maximum concentration (C_max) of plasma OBFX was 2.2 ± 0.1 μg/ml at 2.3 ± 0.5 hr post administration and gradually decreased to 0.3 ± 0.2 μg/ml at 24 hr following administration. The C_max of ELF OBFX was 9.3 ± 0.4 μg/ml at 3.0 ± 2.0 hr post administration and gradually decreased to 1.2 ± 0.1 μg/ml at 24 hr following administration. The C_max of alveolar cells OBFX was 9.3 ± 2.9 μg/ml at 4.0 hr post administration and gradually decreased to 1.1 ± 0.2 μg/ml at 24 hr following administration. The half-life of OBFX in plasma, ELF, and alveolar cells were 6.9 ± 2.2, 7.0 ± 0.6, and 7.8 ± 1.6 hr, respectively. The C_max and the area under the concentration-time curve for 0–24 hr with OBFX were significantly higher in ELF and alveolar cells than in plasma (P<0.05). These results suggest that OBFX is distributed and retained at high concentrations in ELF and alveolar cells at 24 hr following administration. Hence, a single intramuscular dose of OBFX (5.0 mg/kg) may be an effective therapeutic agent against pneumonia.     

参菩灌洗液治疗儿童腺样体肥大的临床观察

〔摘要〕目的观察参菩灌洗液鼻咽腔灌洗治疗儿童腺样体肥大伴慢性鼻窦炎的疗效〔方法采用参菩灌洗液 鼻咽腔灌洗治疗儿童腺样体肥大伴慢性鼻窦炎52例为治疗组,设对照组西药治疗51例,对比观察其临床疗效、结 果治疗组总有效率为94.20Io,对照组为78.10Ic,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05 )〔结论参菩灌洗液局部灌洗有明显促 进腺样体缩小和治疗鼻窦炎的作用、     

Occurrence of Intrauterine Purulent Concrements in a Maiden Mare—A Case Report

Pyometra is an uncommon condition in mares associated with various symptoms. Here, we report a case of a 13-year-old Icelandic barren maiden mare with recurrent vaginal discharge. Ultrasonographically, the mare displayed intrauterine spherical masses of inhomogenous texture, which were identified as purulent concrements in hysteroscopy. The purulent concrements were successfully removed via uterine lavage after endoscope-assisted comminution. Microbiologic examination of the concrements revealed growth of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, Actinobacillus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus intermedius, Pseudomonas fulva, Citrobacter freundii, and Chryseobacterium species. Systemic antibiotic treatment with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine and additional uterine lavages were performed for 10 days. A follow-up examination revealed absence of intrauterine masses but reoccurrence of pyometra due to an impatent cervical canal. The pyometra condition was resolved by insertion of a cervical stent for prevention of intrauterine fluid accumulation. In conclusion, uterine masses, which may severely impact fertility, are best diagnosed by hysteroscopy. Intrauterine purulent concrements should be considered as an atypical form of equine pyometra.     

Exercising Blood Gas Analysis, Dynamic Upper Respiratory Tract Obstruction, and Postexercising Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology—A Comparative Study in Poor Performing Horses

Respiratory abnormalities are common causes of decreased performance in horses presumably because of impaired pulmonary gas exchange. The objectives of the present study were to describe respiratory abnormalities in poorly performing horses and to investigate the relationships between dynamic upper respiratory tract (URT) videoendoscopy, postexercising bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology, and exercising arterial blood gas analysis. Medical records of 93 horses with exercise intolerance, which presented for treadmill evaluation, were reviewed. Relationships between horse demographics, treadmill endoscopic findings, exercising blood gas values, and BAL cytology results were examined. A total of 25 (27%) horses had a URT obstruction and 91 (98%) horses had abnormal BAL cytology; 73 (78%) had evidence of inflammatory airway disease (IAD) and 83 (89%) had exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). In all, 39 (42%) horses had abnormal blood gas values. Dynamic URT obstruction was significantly associated with exercising hypoxemia (P = .036). There were no significant relationships between gas exchange and IAD or between EIPH. Out of 24 (26%) horses with combined URT obstruction and abnormal BAL, horses with URT obstruction and EIPH were more likely to be hypoxic during exercise (P = .037). It was concluded that horses with dynamic URT abnormalities are likely to have exercising hypoxemia. Although IAD and EIPH were commonly indentified in poor performers, they were not significantly associated with abnormal exercising blood gas analysis.     

Levels of IL-17, IL-8 and VEGF in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in asthma children

AIM: To investigate the mechanism of airway inflammation in children with asthma by determining the levels of IL-17, IL-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). METHODS: Eighty-eight children were enrolled in the study and divided into asthma group (n=52), pneumonia group (n=25) and control group (n=11). BALF were collected from all 88 cases. The levels of IL-17, IL-8, VEGF, IL-4 and IFN-γ in BALF were measured by ELISA. The cell types in BALF were determined. RESULTS: Compared with the control, the levels of IL-17 and IL-8 were significantly elevated in asthma group and pneumonia group (all P<0.05). The level of IL-8 (P<0.05) in the patients with asthma was lower than that in the pneumonia patients. No statistical difference of the IL-17 level between asthma group and pneumoniae group was observed (P>0.05). Compared with pneumonia group and control group, the level of VEGF was significantly increased in asthma group (all P<0.01), and the VEGF level among control group and pneumonia groups was almost similar (P>0.05). The levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ, and ratio of IL-4/IFN-γ among groups were not statistically different. The percentage of neutrophils in BALF was significantly higher in asthma group and pneumonia group than that in control group (all P<0.01). CONCLUSION: IL-17, IL-8 and VEGF play important roles in airway inflammation in children with asthma. Th17 cells may participate in the pathogenesis of asthma in children.